| A | B |
|---|
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing subjects while the subjects do whatever they do in a natural setting. |
| Confounding Variable | Variables that might account for a difference between groups in the experiment. |
| Double-blind | Procedures designed to eliminate possible experimenter bias. |
| Introspection | To look within, to examine one's own feelings or sensations. |
| Behavioral | The study of overt observable behavior. |
| Psychoanalytic | A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts. |
| Evolutionary | Study of the evolutionary origins of human behavior patterns. |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of behavioral traits and tendencies |
| Negative Correlation | Increases in the first measure are associated with decreases in the second. |
| Correlation | An orderly relationship between two events, measures, or variables. |
| Positive Correlation | Increase in one measure are matched by increases in the other. |
| Survey | A questionnaire used to poll large groups of people |
| Random Sample | All members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen |
| Correlation Coefficient | The strength and direction of relationship. |
| Experimental Method | Controlled experimentation. |
| Experimental Condition | The procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with a control condition |
| Control | Eliminating, identifying, or equalizing all factors in an experiment that can affect the outcome |
| Independent Variable | The conditions altered or varied by the experimenter |
| Dependent Variable | Measure the results of the experiment and/or reveal the affects that the independent variable has on behavior |
| Confounding Variable | Variables that might account for a difference between groups in the experiment |
| Random Assignment | A subject has an equal chance of being a member of the experimental group or the control group |
| Single Blind | Subjects do not know if they are receiving a real drug or a placebo |
| Meta- Analyses | The process or technique of synthesizing research results by using various statistical methods to retrieve, select, and combine results from previous separate but related studies |
| Variance | an event that departs from expectations |
| Placebo | A fake pill or injection |
| Guidelines for animal research | Rules that should be followed to perform research on animals ethically |
| Neurobiological | The biological study of the nervous system or any part of it. |
| Humanist | A person that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideas |
| Informed Consent | Consent by a patient to a surgical or medical procedure or participation in a clinical study after achieving an understanding of the relevant medical facts and the risks involved |
| Cognitive | The study of human thinking, knowing, understanding, and information processing |
| Normal Curve | A bell shaped curve with a large number of scores in the middle, tapering to very few extremely high and low scores |
| Standard Deviation | An index of how much a typical score differs from the mean of a group of scores |
| Mean | calculated by adding all the scores for each group and then dividing by the total number of scores in that group |
| Mode | The most frequently occurring score in a group of scores |
| Median | Arranging scores from the highest to the lowest and selecting the score that falls in the middle |
| Applied Research | Scientific Study undertaken to solve immediate practical problems |
| Basic Research | Scientific inquiry done to advance basic knowledge, not to solve a practical problem |
| Overconfidence | total certainty or greater certainty that circumstances warrant |
| False-consensus effect | The general tendency to overestimate one's similarity to others on attitudes, behaviors, and personality traits |
| 68% | Percentage of individuals that fall within one SD on a normal bell curve. |
| Survey | A method of research using questions on feelings, opinions, or behavior patterns asked of a large group of people. |
| Socio-cultural Approach | Behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures. |
| Illusory Correlations | Seeing relationships between things that match already held beliefs and ignoring what does not match these beliefs. |
| Positively Skewed Distribution | Describes a distribution in which high scores occur infrequently. |
| Negatively Skewed Distribution | Describes a distribution in which low score occur infrequently. |
| Null Hypothesis | In inferential statistics, the assumption that there is no true relationship between variables being observed. |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. |
| Conformation Bias | The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring deforming information. |
| Experimental Condition | The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
| Quasi-Experimental Research | Any research study that uses specific experimental methods but does not randomize subjects. |
| Significance Test | Determines if an observed value of a statistic differs enough from a hypothesized value of a parameter to draw the inference that the hypothesized value of the parameter is not the true value. |
