| A | B |
|---|
| glands | organs specilaized in secreting substances |
| exocrine glands | discharge secretions into a duct |
| endocrine glands | discharge their secretions (hormones) into the bloodstream |
| hormones | secretions of endocrine glands |
| target tissue | specific tissue a hormone acts upon |
| receptor molecules | protein molecules within a cell membrane that can receive chemical messages from other cells |
| protein-type hormones | made of amino acids; cannot get thru cell membrane; uses enzymes to trigger a response |
| steroid-type hormones | thru cell membranes; enter nucleus and DNA; made in adrenals and gonads |
| prostaglandins | special hormones secreted by every cell |
| feedback | a cycle that regulates the chemical needs of the body |
| negative feedback | an altered condition is reversed; brought back to homeostasis |
| positive feedback | an altered condition is intensified instead of subsiding |
| pituitary gland | master gland; controls activities of all other glands |
| hypothalamus | connect pituitary to brain; directs work of pituitary |
| anterior pituitary gland | produces releasing hormones; controls body metabolism |
| growth hormone | affects growth of bone and cartilage |
| follicle stimulating hormone | stimulates development of eggs and sperm |
| luteinizing hormone | causes release of egg cells |
| prolactin | secretes milk by mammary glands |
| oxytocin | stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth |
| thyroid gland | gland found in the neck in front of the trachea |
| thyroxine | regulates overall body metabolism; secreted by thyroid |
| calcitonin | regulates blood calcium levels; secreted by thyroid |
| parathyroid | four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid |
| parathormone | regulates calcium and phosphate regulation; secreted by parathyroids |
| adrenal glands | glands that deal with momentary and long-term stress; found on top of the kidneys |
| adrenaline/noradrenaline | hormone that creates the flight or fight (emergency) response |
| pancreas | both and endocrine and exocrine gland; produces sugar regulating hormones |
| islets of Langerhans | hormone secreting cells of the pancreas |
| glucagon | secreted by alpha cells; raises blood sugar levels by converting glycogen to glucose |
| insulin | secreted by beta cells; lowers blood sugar levels |
| diabetes mellitus | condition in which glucose is not easily regulated in the body |
| gonads | sex organs |
| ovaries | female sex organ; secretes estrogen |
| estrogen | hormone responsible for female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics |
| progesterone | hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle; secreted by ovaries |
| testes | male sex organs; secretes androgens |
| androgens | male sex hormone |
| testosterone | androgen; develops male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics |
| anabolic steroids | "drug" derived from testosterone used to build body mass and muscle |
| thymus | gland on heart; produces thymosin which makes T-lymphocytes |
| pineal gland | produces melatonin; creates day/night cycles; found in the base of the brain |
