| A | B |
|---|
| Perceptual Expectancy | prepares you to perceive in a certain way |
| Top-Down processing | preexisting knowledge is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole |
| Bottom-Up processing | analyze information starting at the bottom with small sensory units and building up to complete perception |
| Orientation Response | Prepares us to perceive information from a stimulus |
| Divided Attention | divide mental effort among tasks |
| Habituation | Adaptation decreases number of sensory messages sent to brain |
| Hallucination | Perceiving objects or events that have no external reality |
| Illusion | Where length, position, motion, curvature or direction is consistently misjudged |
| Frame of Reference | Internal standards for judging stimuli |
| Active movement | self-generated action |
| Ames Room | Lop-sided space that appears square from a certain point |
| Perceptual Habits | Ingrained patterns of organization and attention |
| Pictorial Depth Cues | linear perspective, relative size, height in the picture plane, light and shadow, overlap, texture gradients, relative motion; provide information on space depth and distance in art |
| Retinal Disparity | Discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eye |
| Accommodation | Bending of the lens in the eye to focus on objects |
| Binocular Cues | Require two eyes |
| Monocular Cues | Work with one eye |
| Depth Cues | Features that supply information about depth and space |
| Visual Cliff | Apparatus that looks like the edge of an elevated platform |
| Depth Perception | Ability to see 3-D space and accurately judge distances |
| Impossible Figure | Patterns that cannot be organized into stable consistent or meaningful perception |
| Ambiguous Stimuli | Patterns allowing more than one interpretation |
| Perceptual Hypothesis | Initial guess about how to organize sensations |
| Camouflage | Patterns that break up figure-ground organization |
| Closure | Tendency to complete a figure |
| Gestalt Principals | Nearness, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Contiguity, Common Region; explain formation of figures |
| Figure-Ground Organization | Grouping some sensations into an object or figure that stands out on a planer background |
| Brightness Constancy | Apparent brightness of an object stays the same under changing light conditions |
| Shape Constancy | Perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in the shape of its retinal image |
| Size Constancy | Perceived size of an object remains the same |
| Reversible Figures | Figure and ground can be switched |
| Nearness | Things which are closer together will be seen as belonging together |
| Similarity | Things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together |
| Continuity | The principle of continuity predicts the preference for continuous figures |
| Contiguity | Nearness in time and space. Contiguity is often responsible for the perception that one thing has caused another |
| Common Region | Stimuli that are found within a common region or area tend to be seen as a group |
