| A | B |
|---|
| Cognition | mentally processing information (thinking) |
| Cognitive psychology | the study of human information processing |
| Image | a mental representation that has picture-like qualities |
| Concept | a generalized idea representing a class of related objects or events |
| Language | words or symbols, and rules for combining them, which are used for thinking and communication |
| Synesthesia | images cross normal sensory barriers (Ex: colors and tastes accompany music) |
| Mental rotation | the ability to change the position of an image in mental space |
| Kinesthetic sensations | feeling from the muscles and joints |
| Concept formation | the process of classifying information into meaningful categories |
| Positive and negative instances | examples that belong, or do not, to the concept class |
| Conjunctive concept | class of objects having two or more features in common |
| Relational concepts | classify objects on the basis of their relationship to something else |
| Disjunctive concepts | objects that have at least one of several possible features |
| Intelligence | the capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with environment |
| Aptitude | a capacity for learning certain abilities |
| Reliability | test must give approximately the same score each time |
| Validity | accurately measures what it claims to measure |
| Objective test | gives same score when corrected by different people |
| Test standardization | standard procedures used in giving and scoring the test |
| Norm | average score of a large group of people |
| Chronological age | age in years |
| Mental age | the average mental ability displayed at a given age |
| IQ | intelligence quotient |
| Denotative meaning | exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; objective meaning |
| Connotative meaning | the subjective; personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept |
| Selective combination | bringing together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information |
| Semantic differential | measure of connotative meaning obtained by rating words or concepts on several dimensions |
| Selective comparison | compare new problems with old information or with problems already solved |
| Fixation | tendency to get "hung up" on wrong solutions or to become blind to alternatives |
| Cultural barriers | values which hold that fantasy is a waste of time |
| Emotional barriers | inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself, fear of making a mistake, inability to tolerate ambiguity, excessive self-criticism |
| Learned barriers | conventions about uses (functional fixedness), meanings, possibilities, taboos |
| Perceptual barriers | habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a problem |
| Artificial Intelligence | computer programs capable of doing things that require intelligence when done by people |
| Organized Knowledge | systematic information |
| Acquired Knowledge | learned tactics |
| Automatic Processing | fast, fairly effortless thinking, based on experience with similar problems |
| Profound retardation | IQ below 25. Total care |
| Severe retardation | IQ 25-40. Capable of mastering basic language |
| Mild retardation | IQ 55-70. Benefit from special education |
| Borderline retardation | IQ 70-85. Many live alone as adults. Have problems dealing with challenges of adulthood. |
| Familial Retardation | largely based on an impoverished environment |
| Neural intelligence | speed and efficiency of nervous system |
| Experimental intelligence | specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time |
| Reflective intelligence | ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habits |
| Eugenics | selective breeding for desirable characteristics |
| Heredity | partially determines intelligence from parents |
