| A | B |
|---|
| cell cycle | rounds of growth and cell divisions |
| mitosis | nucleus divides; hereditary material duplicates; divides parent cell into identical daughter cells |
| chromosomes | rod-like structures in cells that undergo division and contain hereditary information |
| chromatin | material from which chromosomes are made |
| centrioles | cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus involved in cell division |
| centromeres | region where two chromatids attach |
| chromatid | one of two strands of a doubled chromosome |
| interphase | resting stage; cell grows and chromosomes replicate |
| replicate | copy |
| prophase | chromosomes visible, centrioles move to poles and form asters and spindles; nucleus/nucleolus disappears |
| asters | star-like structures made by centrioles |
| spindles | microtubules that extend from pole to pole and pull chromosomes apart |
| equator | the center of the cell |
| poles | the ends of a cell |
| metaphase | double chromosomes line up on the equator |
| anaphase | spindles pull doubled chromosomes apart |
| telophase | two nuclei form around the chromosomes; chromosomes return to chromatin |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| cell plate | in a plant cell, during telophase, joins old cell wall to divide in half |
| cyclin | protein responsible for the timing of the cell cycle |
| cancer | cells that do not respond to cyclin; divide uncontrollably |
| asexual reproduction | one parent; no genetic change; daughter cells identical to parent |
| binary fission | simplest form of asexual reproduction; parent divides into two equal parts |
| budding | parent divides into two unequal parts; form as outgrowths on the parent |
| spores | single, specialized cells that germinate to form new individuals |
| regeneration | ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts |
| vegetative reproduction | how seeds, leaves, and roots give rise to new plants |
| bulb | short, underground stem surrounded by thick, fleshy leaves |
| tuber | enlarged part of an underground stem that contains stored food |
| runner | stem that grows sideways; contains buds |
| cutting | any part of a plant that can be cut to produce a new plant |
| grafting | stem or bud from one plant is attached to another to produce a desired characteristic |
