| A | B |
|---|
| The production of stomach acid is Stimulated by | Gastrin |
| HCL Secretion stops when pH is | ~2 |
| Stomatch acid | Converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
| A sphincter is composed of | muscular and circular valve in the GI tract that controls the flow of food stuff |
| Cardiac sphincter | is between the eseophagus and the stomach |
| Sphincter of Oddi | is between the pancreatic duct and duodenum |
| Duodenum is the | primary site of digestion |
| the source of bicarbonate ions in the intestinal tract is | from the pancreas |
| The large intestine functions involve | the absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins |
| The pancreas produces | glucagon and insulin |
| The myenteric plexus controls | the movement of the intestinal tract |
| The meissner’s plexus controls | the GIT secretions and blood flow |
| Acetylcholine | excites the enteric neurons |
| Norepinephrine | inhibits enteric neurons |
| The defecation reflex | is cotrolled by the sacral parasympathetic (S,2,3,4) |
| Inhibition ofthe intestine smooth muscles is controlled by | the sympathetic ( T5-L2) |
| Cholecystokinin | is secreted by “I” cells in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum |
| Secretin | is secreted by “S” cells in the mucosa of the duodenum |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide | is secreted by the mucosa of Upper GI. |
| The law of guts: | the directional movement of peristaltic waves is always toward the anus |
| Peristalsis | is a ring of contraction propelling material along the GI tract |
| Segmentation | is a back-and-forth action that breaks apart food |
| intestinal mass movement | is a peristaltic wave that contracts over a large area of the large intestine to help eliminate waste |
| During active absorption the blood flow | increases eight folds |
| Vasodilation during intestinal activities is induced by | cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinalpeptides, gastrin and secretin |
| Decreased O2 concentration in the intestinal circulation | stimulates the release of adenosine |
| Mastication is the | vertical movements of the jaw which crush the food particles between teeth |
| Saliva contains | Lysozyme to kill bacteria |
| Deglutition is the | Reflex of passing anything from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach |
| Swallowing is | Voluntary – first 1/3 of the process |
| 20% of total alcohol absorption occurs in | the stomach |
| The Stomach | holds food for 2-4 hours |
