| A | B |
|---|
| SCIENCE | orgainzed or systematized knowledge gathered by the scientific method |
| SCIENTIFIC METHOD | procedure for studying the world in three organized steps: experimentation, hypothesis proposal, and further experimentation |
| EXPERIMENTATION | collection of facts and data by observing natural events under carefully controlled conditions |
| HYPOTHESIS | tentative explanation of the results of experimentation; it is subject to verification or rejection in further experiements |
| REPEATED EXPERIMENTATION | plan and execute further experiments to test the hypothesis |
| CHEMISTRY | study of the composition of substances and the changes they undergo |
| ORGANIC CHEMISTRY | study of substances containing carbon, symbol C |
| example of organic chemistry | preparation of aspirin (C9H8O4) or tylenol (C8N9NO2) |
| inorganic chemistry | study of all substances that do not contain carbon |
| example of inorganic chemistry | understanding how a car battery works |
| analytical chemistry | study of what is in a sample (qualitative) and how much of it is there (quantitative) |
| example of analytical chemistry | measuring the amount of a particular pesticide in groundwater |
| physical chemistry | study of the structures of substances, how fast substances change (kinetics), and the role of heat in chemical change (thermodynamics) |
| example of physical chemistry | understanding the changes that occur when ice melts to give liquid water |
| biochemistry | study of the chemical reactions in living systems |
| example of biochemistry | understanding how saliva breaks down some of the foods we eat as we chew |
| Charles Goodyear | 1800-1860, US, discovered process for vulcanizing rubber using sulfur |
| Marie Curie | 1867-1934, Poland, Discovered Radium |
| Gilbert Lewis | 1875-1946, US, contributed to knowledge of chemical bonds |
| Otto Hahn | 1879-1968, Germany, discovered nuclear fission, the process used in nuclear reactors |
| Niels Bohr | 1885-1962, Denmark, developed odel for the structure of the atom |
| Sir Robert Robinson | 1886-1976, United Kingdom, prepared many useful medicinal agents |
| Albert von Szent-Gyorgi | 1893-1986, Hungary, studied chemistry of muscle contractions |
| Wallace Carothers | 1896-1937, US, Dicovered nylon |
| Percy Juian | 1899-1975, US, developed process for mass-producing cortisone |
| Linus Pauing | 1901-1994, US, contributed to knowledge of chemical bonds and to world peace |
| Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | 1910-1994, United Kingdom, determined the structures of vitamin B12, penicillin, insulin |
| Melvin Cavin | 1911, US, explained process of photosynthesis |
| Glenn Seaborg | 1912, US, studied nuclear chemistry |
| Rosalind Franklin | 1920-1979, US, developed syntheses of various organic compounds such as quinine, lysergic acid, strychnine, reserpine, chlorophyll, vitamin B12 |
| Frederick Sanger | 1918, United Kingdom, idenified chemical structure of insulin and investigated DNA |
| James Watson | 1928, US, proposed structure of DNA |
