| A | B |
|---|
| speed | rate of change in position |
| velocity | speed plus direction |
| acceleration | rate of change of speed; may be positive or negative |
| displacement | difference between starting and ending positions after motion |
| distance | measurement of length covered, regardless of displacement |
| Newton's 1st Law of Motion | an object's natural tendency to resist any change in its velocity |
| inertia | another name for Newton's 1st Law of Motion |
| Newton's 2nd Law of Motion | relates the acceleration that an object will experience to its mass (inertia) and the force applied to it |
| Newton's 3rd Law of Motion | to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| force | a push or pull that one body exerts on another |
| simple machine | any device that makes work easier and is done in only ONE movement |
| lever | a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point |
| mechanical advantage | the number of times thta a simple machine multiplies the effort force (unitless) |
| power | rate at which work is done |
| efficiency | measure of how much of the work put into a machine is changed into useful work and not lost to friction and gravity |
| input, or effort, force | force applied TO a simple machine (by person, animal, etc.) |
| output, or resistance force | force applied BY the simple machine to do work |
| input, or effort, arm | the part of the lever to which effort force is applied; distance is from force over to the fulcrum |
| output, or resistance arm | the part of the lever that exerts force on another object; distance is from where force is applied over to fulcrum |
| energy | ability of an object to cause change in its environment; appears in many different forms |
| potential energy | stored energy that comes from an object's position |
| kinetic energy | energy that comes from motion |
| work | transfer of mechanical energy (PE + KE) through motion; motion must be in the SAME direction as the force that causes it |
| fossil fuel | coal, oil, or natural gas derived from the natural decay and compression of living matter |
| renewable resource | energy source that is reusable, such as wind, water, and solar energy |
| thermal energy | internal energy of a substance caused by the vibration of itws atoms and molecules; measured by temperature |
| average kinetic energy | refers to thermal energy; higher ake = higher TE = higher temp. |
| heat | transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another; direction is from high to low |
| specific heat | how well a substance absorbs thermal energy; amount of heat absorbed to raise 1 gram by 1 degree |
| conduction | the transfer of thermal energy by direct contact of particles of matter |
| convection | the transfer of thermal energy in a circular pattern; occurs when a hot fluid rises upward due to decreased density and then expands |
| radiation | the transfer of thermal energy through the process of emitting radiant energy |
| Ohm's Law | relates voltage, current, and resistance |
| electrical power | rate at which electrical energy is transformed to usable energy to do work |
| electrical energy | another term for electricity;found by multiplying the power of a device by the amount of time that it is operated |
| period | time for one complete cycle |
| frequency | number of cycles per second |
| amplitude | how big a cycle is in terms of distance or angle away from the medium's at rest position |
| wave | rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space |
| wavelength | length of one completed cycle on a wave (distance between any 2 identical points on adjacent waves) |
| medium | a material through which a wave travels and transfers energy; can be ANY state of matter |
| Doppler Effect | the increase/decrease of wvae frequency due to motion by its source or by the observer; results in higher pitch closer to the source |
| acoustics | the study of sound |
| light emission | light given off by an excited electron when it "falls back" to its original (lower) energy level |
| Law of Reflection | angle of incidence exactly equals angle of reflection |
| magnetism | property of matter related to electricity |
| pole | ends of magnets; location of greatest strength of magnetic field |
