| A | B |
|---|
| duty | a tax, usually placed on imported goods |
| sovereign nation | a nation free from outside control |
| Manifest Destiny | the drive to extend the U.S. borders to the Pacific Ocean |
| implied powers | authority suggested in the Constitution that is not specifically spelled out |
| nationalism | pride in one's country, especially the elevation of one nation or group of people above all others |
| colonization | the act of establishing colonies |
| Monroe Doctrine | a statement of U.S. foreign policy that prohibits foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere |
| abolitionist | one who strongly favors doing away with slavery |
| secession | the breaking away of a part of a country to form its own nation |
| populist | a man who claimed to represent the interests of the common people |
| emancipate | to free from bondage |
| carpetbaggers | northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction to take advantage of business and political opportunities |
| impeachment | the bringing of charges against a public official for misconduct |
| Reconstruction | the reestablishment of the Confederate states as part of the Union after the Civil War |
| scalawags | white southerners who supported the efforts of the North in rebuilding the South |
| industrial revolution | the change in the economy from a manual means of production to a mechanical one |
| laissez-faire | a government policy of noninterference in the affairs of business |
| urbanization | the shift of population from the country to the city |
| robber barons | men known for unscrupulous business practices |
| labor union | an organization formed by workers as a means to correct economic and social injustices caused by unfair labor practices |
| graft | the acquiring of money in dishonest or questionable ways |
| muckraker | a writer who exposed misconduct by public officials |
| political machine | a means by which powerful politicians were able to control votes and reap profits from city government |
| progressivism | a reform movement demanding governmental involvement to bring about economic and political improvements for the poor and disadvantaged |
| capital | money, machinery, or any other resource used to produce goods |
| imperialism | one nation extending its authority over other territories or nations |
| isolationism | the policy of noninterference in world affairs |
| jingoism | extreme nationalism marked by the frequent use of warlike rhetoric |
| free enterprise | freedom of private businesses to organize and compete without unnecessary government interference |
