| A | B |
|---|
| anesthetic | Drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| Lord Charles Townshend | Urged farmers to grow turnips, which restored exhausted soil |
| King George III | Nicknamed "Farmer George," wrote articles about his model farm near Windsor Castle |
| enclosure | The process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| Energy Revolution | From the beginning of human history, the energy for work was provided mostly by muscles of humans and animals. In time, water mills and wind mills were added to muscle power. |
| Thomas Newcomen | Developed a steam engine powerded by coal to pump water out of mines |
| James Walt | Improved on Newcomen's engine and would become a key power source of the Industrial Revoltion |
| Coal | A vital source of fuel in the production of iron, a material needed for constructions of machines and steam engines |
| Abraham Darby | Used coal to smelt iron |
| smelt | The term meaning to separate iron from its ore |
| iron | Used to build the new machines |
| capital | Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads and factories |
| Textiles | The first industry to industrialize |
| John Kay | Invented the flying shuttle, where weavers worked so fast that they soon outpaced spinners |
| James Hargreaves | Produced the spinning Jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time |
| Richard Arkwright | Invented the waterframe, which used water power to spead up spinning still further |
| factories | Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods |
| turnpikes | Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them |
| George Stephenson | Developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails |
| Robert Fulton | Used Watt's steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson River in New York |
| urbanization | The movement of people to cities |
| tenements | Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments. These buildings had no running water, only community pumps. |
| Women Workers | Could adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage than men |
| boys and girls | Were hired because they had nimble-fingers and were quik-moving to change spools in textile mills |
| John Wesley | Had founded the Methodist Church and stressed the need for a personal sense of faith |
| Methodists | Helped channel workers' anger away from revolution and toward social reform |
| New middle class | Members were merchant inventors or skilled artisans |
| Labor unions | Workers' organizations won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions |
| Laissez-faire economics | A free market-the unregulated exchange of goods and services-would come to help everyone, not just rich |
| Adam Smith | Author of The Wealth of Nations |
| Thomas Malthus's | Grimly predicted that the population would outpace the food supply. The only checks on population growth, he said, were war, disease, and famine |
| David Ricardo | Pointed out that when wages were high, families had more children. But more children meant a greater supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment |
| Utilitarianism | The idea that the goal os society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of citizens. |
| John Stuart Mill | Argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. |
| Socialism | The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production |
| Means of Production | The farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| Robert Owen | Insisted that the conditions in which people lived shaped their character |
| Karl Marx | Saw that the struggle between emploers and emploees as unavoidable |
| Communism | A form of socialism that sees class struggle between emploers and emploees as unavoidable |
| Proletariat | The "have-nots" or the working class |
