| A | B |
| Socratic Dialogue | A method of teaching students with an expert or mentor who provides them instances and guiding questions. |
| Expert System | It's a computer-based program, which is able to solve problems within a limited domain of expertise. |
| Elaboration Model | Prior to the problem-solving instruction, students learn fundamental to additional principles in problem solving. |
| Simulations | A scaled-down approximation of real-life situation allows learners practice without risks. |
| Microworlds | The concept of it is similar to "Stimulation" except the emphasis on learner construction rather then system representation. |
| Anchored Instruction | Providing a meaningful context and realistic, interesting problems for solving. |
| Case Studies | Presenting a realistic situation and require learners to respond as if they were the person who must solve a problem. |
| Problem-Based Learning | It's an approach to instruction that structures courses and entire curricula on problems rather than subject content. |
| Cognitive Apprenticeships | A method of teaching, which is placing a learner in an authentic work environment as a partial participant. |
| Problem solving | The ability of students to use previously learned skills to solve previously unencountered problems. |