| A | B |
|---|
| encounter | a meeting |
| empire | the conquered lands of many people and places governed by one ruler |
| monarch | a king or queen |
| Renaissance | a French word meaning "rebirth", used to name a time of advances in thought, learning, art, and science |
| compass | an isntrument used to find direction |
| city-state | a city and the surrounding area that stands as an independent state |
| historical map | a map that provides information about a place as it was in the past |
| profit | the money left over after all expenses have been paid |
| navigation | the method of planning and controlling the course of a ship |
| cartographer | a person who makes maps |
| astrolabe | an instrument formerly used to calculate one's position compared to the sun, moon, and stars |
| caravel | a ship that used square or triangular sails to travel long distances swiftly |
| expedition | a journey |
| cause | an event or action that makes something else happen |
| effect | the result of an event or action |
| claim | to declare that a person or a country owns something |
| isthmus | a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas |
| demarcation | a line that marks a boundary |
| treaty | an agreement between nations about peace, trade, or other matters |
| grant | a sum or money or other payment given for a particular purpose |
| conquistador | any of the Spanish conquerors in the Americas during the early 1500s |
| desertion | leaving one's duties, such as military service, without permission |
| Northwest Passage | a waterway in North America thought to connect the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean |
| estuary | the wide mouth of a river where ocean tides flow in |
| rapid | the fast moving, dangerous place in a river caused by a sudden drop in elevation |
| company | a business |
| mutiny | rebellion against the leader of one's group |
