| A | B |
|---|
| William Cockerill | Opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines. |
| Henry Bessemer | Developed a process to purify iron ore and produce a new substance, steel |
| Alfred Nobel | Invented dynamite. |
| Alessandro Volta | Developed the first battery around 1800. |
| Dynamo | A machine that generates electricity. |
| Thomas Edison | Made the first electric light bulb. |
| interchangeable parts | Identical components that could be used in place of one another. |
| assembly line | Workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next |
| Henry Ford | Started making Model-T cars that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles an hour. |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | Designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | Developed the telegraph. |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Invented the radio. |
| Stock | Shares in companies. |
| Corporations | Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. |
| Cartel | An association that fixes prices, set production quotas, or control markets. |
| Germ theory | Scientists speculated that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases. |
| Louis Pasteur | He developed a vaccine against rabies and anthrax. |
| Robert Koch | He identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed 30 million lives in the 1800s. |
| anesthesia | Was first used in the 1840s to relieve pain during surgery. |
| Florence Nightingale | An army nurse during the Crimean War, she insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals and later in life would start the world's first school of nursing. |
| Joseph Lister | Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection and insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and to sterilize instruments. |
| urban renewal | Rebuilding poor areas of a city. |
| mutual-aid societies | Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. |
| standard of living | Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society. |
| upper middle class | Included the superrich industrial and business families as well as the old nobility. |
| middle class | Included the midlevel business people and professionals such as doctors, scientists, and lawyers. |
| lower middle class | Included teachers, office workers, shopkeepers, and clerks. |
| cult of domesticity | This refers to the idealizing of women and the home, whereupon the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children. |
| temperance movement | A campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. |
| women's suffrage | The women's right to vote. |
| John Dalton | He developed the atomic theory and showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances. |
| Dmitri Mendeleyev | He drew up a table that grouped elements according to their atomic weights. This became basis for the periodic table used today. |
| Charles Darwin | He published On Origin of Species where he argued that all forms of live evolved into their present state over millions of years. |
| Social Darwinism | This applied the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition. |
| racism | The belief that one racial group was superior to others. |
| social gospel | A movement that urged Christians to social service. |
| romanticism | In this cultural movement, writers, artists, and composers rebelled against Enlightenment emphasis on reason and progress. They glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions from their audiences. |
| Charlotte Bronte | This British novelist, who wrote Jayne Eyre, weaves a tale about a quiet governess and her brooding employer, whose large mansion conceals a terrifying secret. |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | The passionate music of this German composer combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound. |
| realism | This new artistic movement was an attempt to represent the world as it was. The writers and artists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in the cities or villages. |
| Charles Dickens | This realist writer of Oliver Twist vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children. |
| Victor Hugo | This realist writer of Les Miserables revealed how hunger drove a good man to crime and how the law hounded him ever after. |
| Emile Zola | This realist writer showed the grim industrial age in the novel Germinal, where he exposed class warfare in the French mining industry. |
| impressionism | A group of painters took art in a new direction, seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer's eye. |
| Vincent van Gogh | This Dutch, postimpressionist painter experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. |
