| A | B |
|---|
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell; in eukaryotes it consists of chromosome duplication, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
| chromosome | a coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division |
| binary fission | the simple cell division in which one cell splits into two; used by bacteria |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes with matching information |
| chromatid | identical chromosome copies |
| centromere | the region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated |
| mitosis | nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | the process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis |
| cell | a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from an area where their concentration is high to an area where their concentration is low |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a cell membrane |
| passive transport | the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas where the concentration of particles is high to areas where the concentration of particles is low |
| active transport | the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion; requires cells to use energy (in the form of ATP) |
| cell membrane | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment |
| endocytosis | the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell |
| exocytosis | the process used to remove large particles from a cell; during this process, a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell membrane |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar |
| cellular respiration | the process of producing ATP in the cell from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water |
| fermentation | the breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the ABSENCE of oxygen |
