| A | B |
|---|
| social psychology | scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| attribution theory | theory that we tend to give causal explanation for someone's bx, crediting disposition or situation |
| fundamental attribution error | tendency for observers to overestimate disposition and underestimate situation as explanations of one's bx |
| attitude | belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | tendency for people who first agreed to small request for compliance then agree to larger request |
| attitudes will guide bx IF | outside influences are min., attitude is specifically relevant to bx, and we are consciously aware of our attitude |
| role playing | following of a social script |
| cognitive dissonance theory | theory that we act to reduce dissonance that occurs when bx in incongruent with attitude |
| conformity | adjusting one's bx or thinking to coincide with group standard |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval |
| informational social influence | influencing from willingness to accept other's view of reality |
| Solomon Asch | researched conformity |
| conformity is likely IF | one is made to feel insecure or incompetent, group has min. 3 members, group is unanimous, no prior commitment to another response, group observes bx, culture respects social standards |
| Stanley Milgram | researched compliance |
| compliance higher IF | authority figure is close, authority figure is prestigious, victim is depersonalized, no models of noncompliance |
| social facilitation | presence of others boosts performance on known tasks, poor performance on tasks not known |
| social loafing | people tend to exert less effort when in group |
| deindividuation | uninhibited and unlikely bx in group when feeling anonymous |
| group polarization | enhancement of group position |
| groupthink | when desire for harmony overrides reality in group decision-making process |
| social control | the power of the situation |
| individual control | the power of the individual |
| prejudice | unjustifiable attitude toward group and its members |
| stereotype | generalized belief about a group |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | bx that leads to expected failure |
| blame-the-victim dynamic | accusing the victim of causing the problem |
| ingroup | group with whom one shares common identity |
| outgroup | those perceived as different from one's own group |
| ingroup bias | tendency to favor one's own group |
| scapegoat theory | choosing someone to blame as outlet for anger |
| categorization | separating others into groups |
| vivid cases | instances that readily come to mind causing us to misjudge frequency of events |
| just-world phenomenon | attitude that people get they deserve |
| aggression | bx intended to hurt or destroy |
| frustration-aggression principle | the blocked attempt to reach a goal creates anger which can lead to aggression |
| conflict | perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| social trap | situation in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive bx while pursuing their own interests |
| attraction increases WITH | proximity, physical attraction, similarity |
| mere exposure effect | repeated exposure increases liking for it |
| passionate love | aroused state of intense and positive absorption of another |
| companionate love | deep affectionate attachment for another |
| equity | partners receive in proportion to what they give |
| altruism | unselfish regard for welfare of others |
| bystander intervention | single bystander less likely to give aid when others are present |
| helping bx more likely IF | notices incident, interprets incident as requiring assistance, assumes responsibility, recently observed other being helpful, not rushed, victim is similar to us, in small town or rural area, feeling guilty, focused on others, in a good mood |
| social exchange theory | social bx that maximizes gain and minimizes cost |
| social responsibility norm | expectation that we should help those in need even when costs outweigh rewards |
| reciprocity norm | expectation that we reward those who have helped us |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences and require cooperation |
| GRIT | gradual tension and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction |
| conciliation | allows tension to diminish, parties to communicate, mutual understanding to begin |
| mirror-image perceptions | those in conflict tend to form similar images of each other |
| self-serving bias | each to accept credit for good and to blame others for bad |
| Zimbardo | Stanford Prison Experiment |
