| A | B |
|---|
| counterculture | a subculture whose values place its members in opposition to the values of the broader culture |
| cultural diffusion | the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another |
| cultural lag | William Ogburn’s term for a situation in which nonmaterial culture lags behind changes in the material culture |
| cultural leveling | the process by which cultures become similar to one another; especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into the Least Industrialized Nations |
| cultural relativism | understanding a people from the framework of their own culture |
| culture | the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next |
| culture shock | the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
| ethnocentrism | the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals and societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors |
| folkways | norms that are not strictly enforced |
| gestures | the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
| ideal culture | the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out for them |
| language | a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways to communicate abstract thought |
| material culture | the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry |
| mores | norms strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values |
| negative sanction | an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm; ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence, banishment, or death |
| nonmaterial culture (also called symbolic culture) | a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, |
| norms | the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values |
| positive sanction | a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize |
| real culture | the norms and values that people actually follow |
| sanction | an expression of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving |
| subculture | the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
| symbol | something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others |
| taboo | a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if it is violated |
| technology | in its narrow sense, tools; in its broader sense, the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools |
| values | the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
