| A | B |
|---|
| aggregate | people who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together (104) |
| alienation | Marx’s term for the experience of being cut off from the product of one’s labor, which results in a sense of powerlessness and normlessness (112) |
| authoritarian leader | a leader who leads by giving orders (119) |
| bureaucracies | a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, impersonality of positions, and emphasis on written rules, communications, and records (110) |
| category | people who have similar characteristics (104) |
| corporate culture | the orientations that characterize corporate work settings (114) |
| democratic leader | a leader who leads by trying to reach a consensus (119) |
| dyad | the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons (117) |
| expressive leader | an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader (119) |
| goal displacement | a process in which a goal is displaced by another, such as when an organization adopts new goals (11) |
| group | a process in which a goal is displaced by another, such as when an organization adopts new goals (11) |
| group dynamics | the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals (117) |
| groupthink | Irving Janis’s term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer; in groupthink the suggestion of alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty (121) |
| in-groups | groups toward which one feels loyalty (106) |
| instrumental leader | an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader (119) |
| the iron law of oligarchy | Robert Michel’s phrase for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite (106) |
| laissez-faire leader | an individual who leads by being highly permissive (119) |
| leader | someone who influences other people (119) |
| leadership styles | ways in which people express their leadership (119) |
| networking | the process of consciously using or cultivating networks for some gain (108) |
| out-groups | groups toward which one feels antagonisms (106) |
| primary group | a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation (104) |
| reference group | Herbert Hyman’s term for a group whose standards we consider as we evaluate ourselves (107) |
| secondary group | compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity (104) |
| social networks | the social ties radiating outward from the self, that link people together (108) |
| voluntary association | a group made up of volunteers who have organized on the basis of some mutual interest; the Girl Scouts, Baptists, and Alcoholics Anonymous are examples (105) |
