| A | B |
|---|
| chromosome | tightly coiled lengths of DNA |
| karyotype | a set of chromosomes in which the homologous pairs are matched and arranged by size |
| diploid | a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | a cell which contains a single set of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, in humans the 23d pair |
| human female | XX |
| human male | XY |
| mitosis | cell division in somatic cells |
| cell cycle | life span of a cell including growth and division |
| tumor | clump of cells caused by cancer |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division and growth |
| mutation | change in the genetic code |
| gamete | egg or sperm, a haploid reproductive cell |
| meiosis | cellular division that produces gametes |
| gene | string of codons between a "go" codon and a "stop" codon (codes for 1 protein) |
| guanine | nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine |
| thymine | nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine |
| replication | when the DNA unwinds and copies itself |
| translation | process where the DNA determines the exact structure of a protein |
| codon | set of 3 nitrogen bases which is recognized by a certain amino acid |
| amino acid | building block of protein |
| trisomy 21 | Down's syndrome |
| frame shift | type of mutation caused by adding or deleting one nitrogen base |
