| A | B |
|---|
| Golden Age of Greece | period of advancement of Greek culture after the Persian War during the mid 400’s |
| Classical | artistic & cultural styles of Greece that were later borrowed by the Romans- classical style- simple & graceful. |
| Parthenon | temple in Athens on top of Acropolis (a hill)- was built very simplistic- rectangular in shape- 46 columns to hold up roof. |
| Mural | painting on a wall (Greeks didn’t have canvas at that time). |
| Perspective | shows distance and proportion. |
| Myron | Greek sculpture (discus thrower). |
| Phidias | Greek sculpturer who was placed in charge of the Parthenon - his most famous work was the statue of Athena. |
| Praxitelles | Greek sculpturer who changed the style of sculpting– emphasis on grace rather than power. |
| Tragedy | Greeks divided drama into two parts - when the lead character of a play struggles against fate - lead character always loses - unhappy ending. |
| Aeschylus | first writer of Greek tragedy - wrote 90 plays - he wrote “oresteia”. |
| Oresteia | most famous play - trilogy - a series with three parts - the actions of one person can affect generations to come. |
| Sophocles | 2nd greatest writer of tragedy - he wrote Antigone & Oepidus Rex – he believed that suffering was an unavoidable part of life. |
| Euripides | 3rd greatest writer of tragedy- believed people brought disaster upon themselves- others blamed disaster on fate. |
| Comedy | 2nd of 2 kinds of drama - it dealt with humor and employed social satire. |
| Aristophanes | the most famous writer of Greek comedy. |
| Olympic games | athletic events - 776 bc - in honor of Zeus. |
| Pentathlon | 5 events in the olympic games - the world’s greatest athletes. |
| Philosophy | science of wisdom. |
| Philosopher | a thinker - one who examines things. |
| Logic | scientific reasoning using facts available. |
| Sophists | knower - knows an answer to all questions. |
| Socrates | 470 bc- taught students “how to think”–he taught students to question everything (authority). |
| Absolute truth | Socrates believed in absolute truth - moral and legal standards by which people live - right or wrong. |
| Relative truth | sophists believed in relative truth- truth is different for each individual. |
| Socratic method | form of teaching when students are asked a specific question and the teacher challenges their answers. |
| Plato | student of Socrates- he studied politics |
| Academy | Plato’s school stayed open for 800 years - wrote the republic . |
| The Republic | written by Plato - he said he liked the government of sparta better than the government of Athens. |
| Aristotle | 3rd philosopher- wide range of talents- wrote 200 books- opened a school- he worked in logic- he developed in syllogism- tutored Alexander the Great. |
| Lyceum | the school opened by Aristotle in 335 bc. |
| Syllogism | presenting argument so you could determine conclusion follows direction logically from basic statements. |
| Politics | Aristotle’s book - he believed that power should rest with the middle class. |
| Herodotus | “Father of History” - he wrote the history of the Persian war. |
| Scientific history | writing history based on investigation and gathering facts. |
| Historia | Herodotus’ work on the Persian war. |
| Thucydides | wrote a history of Peloponnesian war- 1st scientific historian (rejecting the idea that gods played a role in the wars) who used primary sources. |
| Thales | a scientist who predicted the solar eclipse. |
| Pythagoras | mathematician who developed the theory about the sides of right angled triangles. |
| Hippocrates | “father of medicine”- said that diseases had natural causes- he developed a code of ethics for medicine still used today. |
| Ethics | a system of moral principles that guide individuals and society. |
| Macedonia | a kingdom north of Greece - descendants of the Doran Greeks. |
| Phillip II | king of Macedonia in 359 bc3 goals: 1- conquer Greek city states 2- build strong army 3- defeat Persians |
| Olympias | Phillip’s wife who was accused of murdering him - she was the mother of Alexander the great. |
| Alexander the Great | son of Phillip - tutored by Aristotle - he wanted “one world” or “one culture” |
| Granicus river | where the Greeks (Alexander the great) conquered the Persians in 334 bc. |
| Issus, Syria | the sight of 2nd battle where Alexander the Great defeated the Persians - Alexander then conquered Egypt. |
| Darius III | he was eventually killed by one of his own generals. |
| Alexandria | a city built in Egypt with museums and libraries. |
| Gaugamela | a battle in Mesopotamia in 331 bc - Alexander was called king of persia after this battle. |
| Indus River | eastern border of Alexander’s empire. |
| Domain | territory within the empire (the empire had 3 domains with 3 generals governing them). |
| Ptolemy | the general who took over Egypt, libya, and part of the middle east |
| Seleucus | - the general who took over Mesopotamia, Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of the middle east. |
| Antigonus | the general who took over Greece and Macedonia. |
| Judah Maccabees | - he fought a guerrilla war to retake Jerusalem – he rededicated the temple in Jerusalem. |
| Hanukkah | a Hebrew celebration - it celebrated the rededication of the temple. |
| Hellenistic Culture | combination of western & eastern Greek cultures (Greek culture & eastern part of Alexander’s empire). |
| Diogenes | he developed the philosophy of cynicism. |
| Cynicism | philosophy was to live a simple life in accordance with nature & give up luxuries (idea of materialism). |
| Epicurus | he began the philosophy of Epicureanism . |
| Epicureanism | philosophy of accepting the world as it was, ignoring politics & living simple with a few friends. |
| Zeno | a Persian who developed the philosophy of stoicism. |
| Stoicism | one gains happiness by ignoring emotions & gain happiness by finding your place in nature. |
| Eratosthenes | – the scientist who estimated the circumference of the world to within 1% of the actual figure. |
| Euclid | wrote Elements of Geometry- he organized all the knowledge of geometry & put it in one source. |
| Archimedes | invented compound pulley (sailing ships) & developed the principles of the fulcrum lever & buoyancy (ojects ability to float) & he worked with pi (3.21). |
| Cynic | a person who believes that all men are motivated by selfishness. |
| Stoic | a person who is indifferent to joy, grief, pleasure and pain. This person does not show any emotions. |
