| A | B |
|---|
| Crusades | a series of expeditions by Western European Christians tocapture the Holy Lands from Muslims |
| Renaissance | an era of creativity and learning in W.Europe from the 14th-16th centuries |
| Florence | city-state in Italy that was a centr of banking, trade, and manufacturing |
| How did the view of the world change? | Europeans turned attention the the material comforts of life, large homes, expensive food, clothing, jewels |
| Leonardo da Vinci | famous artist, scientist, engineer, and inventor. Best known for his paintings the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| patron | gave artists and scholars money to design and improve churches, new buildings, sculptures, and fountains |
| William Shakespeare | wrote the plays Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth |
| Reformation | movement to change church practices |
| Marting Luther | wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief, attacking the sale of indulgences and other practices in the church. He translated the Bible into German. |
| Protestants | Luther's followers that protested events at an assembly that ended the church's tolerance of their beliefs |
| Counter Reformation | Catholic Church's movement that stopped selling indulgences.It created the Jesuit order to spread Catholic ideas across the world |
| Spice trade | Spices were in great demand to preserve food and improve its flavro. Italian merchants controlled the spice trade |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | decided to send explorers father down the coast of Afica to find a short cut to Asia |
| Bartolomeu Dias | rounded the southern tip of Africa named it the Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama | discovered a sea route to Asia |
| Christopher Columbus | 1492 left Spain on three ships the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria and landed on an island in the Caribbean |
| Ferdinad Magellan | 1519 he circumnavigated or sailed completely around the world |
| John Cabot | England wanted to find a norther route to Asia. Cabot landed in Canada |
| imperialism | the practice of one country contolling the government and economy of another country |
| indigenous | born and living in a place rather than having come from somewhere else |
| Outcomes of Exploration | clash or cultures religious conversion spread of diseases and slavery |
| Scientific Revolution | a period of great scientific change and discovery during 16-17th century |
| Galileo Galilei | invented the telescope to study the stars and planets |
| Leeuwenhoek | known for the microscope |
| Carolus Linnaeus | developed a system to name and classify all living things on Earth |
| Industrial Revolution | machines brought about great changes that led to the way goods were produced |
| labor force | workers who ran the machines |
| capitalism | factories and other businesses that make and sell goods are privately owned. Sell goods to make a profit |
| French Revolution | revolution that led toa democratic government |
| Reing of Terror | period of bloodshed in France. New revoltuionary leaders executed 17,000 people |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | took control of France and cowned himself emperor |
| Czar | Russian emperor |
| Ivan the Terrible | Czar of Russia known for his cruelty. Ordered soldiers to murder nobles and church leaders |
| Peter the Great | He brought ideas and inventions from W.Europe, reformed the army and government |
| Catherine the Great | added new lands tothe empire, schools, art, sceince, literature, and expanded trade |
| Two major Russian classes | nobles and serfs |
| Why did efforts fail to end serfdom? | The people had to pay a heavy tax and had poor land for farming |
| Russian Revoltuion | overturning of the Russian monarchy |
