| A | B |
|---|
| Sociology | science that studies social behavior in human groups |
| Symbol | something that stands for or represents something else: gestures, worlds objects, sounds, colors |
| Social Sciences | disaplines that study human behavior |
| classes of Social Sciences | anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science,psychology and sociology |
| social facts | social activity or situation that can be observed and measured |
| Social Darwinism | ability to see the connections among the private concerns of individuals and society |
| scientific method | systematic, organized series of research steps that emphasixe objectivity and consistency |
| Industrial Revolution | the dramatic changes from a industrial society to a industrial society that affected societies around the United States and other European countries |
| conflict perspective | concentrates on the aspects of society that encourage competition and change |
| functionalist perspective | belief that every part of society has a function and every social structure meets a social need |
| dysfunction | activity that threatens the stability of society |
| Enlightenment | 18th century phiolosophy that used reason to examine beliefes and traditions. Led to advancements in social, political and economic problems |
| Ethics | principals of conduct concerning what is good, moral and right |
| interactionist perspective | emphasized interacting individuals and groups |
| McDonalization of Society | principals of the "fast food" restaurant came to be a "norm" in all aspects of society |
| Four goals of McDonaldization | Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability and Control |
| Efficiency | calculation of the most cost effective method of producation |
| Calculability | measures quantity produced over quality |
| Predictability | guarantees uniform products during the production process |
| control | substitutes nonhuman labor (computers) for human labor |
| Auguste Comte | concidered the "father of sociology" |
| Herbert Spencer | theory of Social Darwinism. the best aspects of society would survive over time |
| Karl Marx | he believes that the capitalistic systme would be replaced by "communism" where inequalities of members in society will be removed |
| Emile Durkheim | believed that every element in a sociey surves a function, or purpose, if the function is important it will keep things orderly. |
| Max Weber | developed the "ideal type" that can measure reality. |
| beliefs | theories and ideas about the nature of the physical and social world |
| counterculture | group that rejects the values and norms of a larger culture and replaces them with a new set |
| culture trait | single object, action or belief produces by a culture |
| culture universals | features of societies that are common to all cultures |
| culture values | collection of what is considered good, desirable and proper in culture |
| culture | system of values,norms symbols and knowledge that a society shares |
| culture complex | set of interrelated cultural traits |
| folkways | everyday habits and conventions of people |
| knowledge | element of culture that attempts to define what exists or the reality of the world |
| material culture | set of physical objects constructed by the people of a culture |
| mores | traditional rules of a people or a society that have powerful moral significance attached to them |
| nonmaterial culture | abstract creations by the people of a culture, such as ideas, rules and beliefs |
| norms | guidelines, including folkways and mores, that peple in a culture follow in their relations with one another |
| society | large number of people that live in the same area, see themselves as seperate and different from people outside thier territory and participate in a common culture |
| symbols | commonly understood gestures, words, objects, sounds, colors, or designs that stand for something else |
| subculture | group of people who share some of the broad traditions of a cultre but also follow values and norms that are uniwue to them |
| taboo | prohibition against one of societies most important mores |
| traditional american values | success, work,effiency,progress,equality,freedom and patriotism |
| changing american values | self fulfillment, narcissism, hedonism |
| self-fulfillment | focus on individual talents and potential |
| narcissim | extremely self centered |
| hedonism | pursues pleasure above all other values |
| adolescence | period between childhood and adulthood |
| birthorder | position of an individual amoung his or her siblings |
| instinct | inherited behavior pattern |
| looking-glass self | Cooley's description of the development of self through social interations with other people |
| personality | patterns of thinking,feelig and acting that distinguishes one person from another |
| resocialization | altering what was learned in earlier life and learning new kinds of behavior |
| socialization | process by which individuals learn to become members of society. |
| only children | pressure to achieve and excel, overactive, social and involved in leadership roles |
| oldest children | many of the same traits as only, more likely to be cooperative, caustious and acheivement oriented |
| later children | better in social relationships,more affectionate, friendly and creative. Not as motivated and spoiled |
| Influences of personality | heredity and environment, birth order, parents and culture |
| Locke | child is born with a "blank slate" |
| Cooley | "looking glass self" we develop through our social interactions |
| Mead | believes personality is developed through "role taking" |
| Freud | believes "psychoanalysis" theory that unconscious childhod experiences and instinct largely shape our personalities |
| Piaget | changes over time in the way we think, learn,reason and acquire language change our personalities... also known as cognitive development |
| Factors of Socialization during adolescence | importance of peers, increased responsibiliy, search for identity and pressures and concerns. |
| Old age | generally defined by decreased activity, retirement, and increasing health problems |
| Death and Dying | the last stage of life |
| 5 stages of dying | denial, anger,bargaining, depression and acceptance |
| family | most basic social institution in all societies |
| nuclear family | consists of parents and their children who live together but apart from other family members |
| extended family | composed of family members of several generations who share a household |
| kinship groups | complex network of people whos relationships are based on ancestry, mariage and adoption |
| monogamy | practice of being married to only one person at a time |
| polygamy | practice of having more thqatn one spouse at a time |
| monogamy | practice of being married to only one person at a time |
| patterns of authority | patriarchy, matriacrchy, and agalitarian families |
| Patterns in family life | courtship and marriage, parenthood and work and divorce |
| factors that lead to divorce | tenage marriage, social background, personal fulfillment, ease of divorce, finances |
| blended families | atleast one of the adults is a stepparent |
| families in the future | will be smaller, become more culturally diverse, more people remain single, single parents and unmarried couples will increase |
| dominant groups | group of people that hold the power or are the majority |
| minority groups | any recognizable group in a society that suffers some disadvantage due to prejudice ore discrimination |
| race | based on observable physical differences among people resulting from inherited biological differences |
| ethnic groups | based on cultural factors as national origin, religion, language, norms and values. |
| characteristics of minority groups | shared physical or cultural characteristics, ascribed status, group solidarity and endogamy |
| endogamy | when members of a minority group marry others form the same group |
| repression of minority groups | forced removal, segregation, subjugation and annihilation |
| forced removal | when minority populations are transferred to another geographic location |
| segregation | minority gropu is kept seperate from the sominant groups |
| minorities responses to negative forms of treatmenst | acceptance, withdrawal, or violence |
| melting pot | term for American society... different nations have given up their ways to become one dominant culture |
| Cultural Pluralism | society acknowledges the value in preserving the uniqueness of its subcultures |
| prejudice | negative attitude toward and entire category of people |
| discriminiation | the action of denying opportunities and equal rights to people based on their group |
| minority groups in the US | African Americans, latinos, Asians, native americans, white ethnics(europeans) |
| best sociology teacher | Mrs. Lamore |
| matt | mrs lamores son's name |
| love, respect, openmindedness, compassionate, generousity, trustworthy, forgiving | values Mrs. Lamore hopes her students gained from her Sociology class |
