| A | B |
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| Lithosphere (def) | The crust & upper mantle broken into plates that can move. |
| Asthenosphere (def) | Part of the mantle that has partially melted rock, enabling plates to slide over each other. |
| Plate Tectonics (def) | The study of the movement of Earth's plates. |
| Converging Boundary (def) | Type of plate boundary where O-O, O-C & C-C plates come together. |
| 2 types of Converging boundaries | Collision & Subduction |
| Rock of the Ocean Floors | Basalt |
| Rock of the Continents | Granite |
| Diverging Boundary (def) | Type of boundary where plates move apart. |
| Subduction Boundary (def) | Type of boundary where trenches are formed. |
| Alfred Wegener | German Scientist who developed Theory of Continental Drift |
| Harry Hess | Scientist from Princeton who developed the Theory of Sea Floor Spreading |
| Sliding Boundary (def) | Type of boundary where plates move past each other but not toward or away from each other: site of many earthquakes |
| Formations found at a diverging O-O boundary | Ocean Ridge and rift zone where magma is rising |
| Formations found at a subducting O-O boundary | Trench & Volcanic Island Arc |
| Formations found at a subducting O-C boundary | Trench & Continental Volcanic Mountain Chain |
| Formation formed at a collision boundary | Mountains |
| 2 Catastrophic Events associated with plate boundaries | Earthquakes & Volcanoes |
| Causes diverging plate boundaries | Hot, rising convection currents |
| Causes converging plate boundaries | Cooler, sinking convection currents |
| 3 Ways rock material is added to a continent | Volcanic eruptions, Eroded material is added from the main part of a continent by wind, water or glaciers, the scraping of a subducting plate by the overlying plate. |
| 3 Pieces of Evidence for Continental Drift | 1. Fossils of Mesosaurus found only in SA and Africa, 2. Continents seem to fit together like pieces of a puzzle, 3. rock core samples form SA & Africa match by type of rock, thickness of the layers and order the layers are in. |
| Pangaea (def) | Super continent described by Wegener |
| Pacific Ring of Fire | Largest belt of earthquakes & volcanoes in the world |
| 3 Specific Examples of the formation made at a C-C boundary | Himalayas, Ural Mts. & Southern Appalachian Mts. |
| 2 Specific examples of the formations made at an O-O boundary | Mariana Trench & Mariana Islands, Aleutian Trench & Aleutian Islands |
| 2 Specific examples of formations made at an O-C boundary | Andes Mountains & Peru-Chile Trench, Cascade Mountain Range & the Juan de Fuca trench |
| Deepest trench in the world | Mariana trench |
| Longest trench in the world | Peru-Chile trench |
| Specific example of a formation made by a diverging plate boundary | Mid Atlantic ridge or East Pacific Rise |
| Cause of the formation of Iceland | Divergence of the Mid Atlantic Ridge |
| Specific example of a sliding plate boundary | San Andreas Fault in CA |
| Craton (def) | Oldest part of a continent |
| Area in North America where the craton is exposed at the surface of the ground | Canadian Shield |
| 2 Pieces of Evidence for The Theory of Sea Floor Spreading | Age Evidence - (rock closest to an ocean ridge is the youngest and gets older at the same rate on either side of the ridge), & rocks bands of equal width and magnetic polarity are found in matching patterns on both side of the mid ocean ridge |
| 2 Causes of Plate Tectonics | Convection currents & Differences in rock density |
| Convection Currents (def) | Cycle of hotter material rising and cooler material sinking that is one cause of Plate Tectonics |
| Rock Density Differences (def) | Rock that is more dense (ocean floor) sinks and rock that is less dense rises or stays on top of an area of subduction |
| Volcano (def) | Vent in the Earth's surface that often forms a mountain when layers of lava & volcanic ash erupt & build up |
| 3 Causes of a Volcano | Heat & pressure cause rock to melt deep within the Earth, magma is formed, magma is less dense than rock around it & rises |
| Vent (def) | Opening in Earth's surface that molten rock comes out of |
| Crater (def) | Steep walled depression around a volcano's vent |
| Hot Spots (def) | Areas where magma from deep in Earth's mantle has melted through the crust to form several volcanoes |
| Ex. of Islands formed by a hot spot | Hawaiian Islands |
| Oldest Volcano in Hawaii | Kauai |
| Youngest Forming Volcano (underwater) in Hawaii | Lo'ihi |
| 3 most abundent gases released by a volcano | Water vapor, Carbon dioxide & Sulfur gases |
| Location of Mt. St. Helens | Washington State, USA |
| Date Mt. St. Helens Erupted | May 18th, 1980 |
| Rift Eruptions (def) | Occur where two plates diverge |
| Caldera (def) | Formed when the top of a volcano collapses into the partially emptied magma chamber, producing a large opening |
| Ex. of a caldera | Crater Lake in Oregon |
| Plutons (def) | Igneous rock intrusion that cools inside other rock |
| 5 Ex. of Plutons | Sill, Dike, Laccolith, Batholith, Volcanic neck |
| Sill (def) | Horizontal intrusion that forms when magma squeezes into horizontal cracks |
| Batholith (def) | Largest igneous intrusion, forms when magma cools underground before reaching the surface |
| Laccolith (def) | Domed sill that has pushed up the rock above it |
| Volcanic neck (def) | The hard solid vent of a volcano left behind after the cone erodes |
| Dikes (def) | Vertical intrusion that cuts across layers, rock types don't match |
| Ex. of a laccolith | Stone Mt. Georgia |
| 2 Ex. of Volcanic necks | Ship Rock & Devil's Tower |
| Epicenter (def) | Point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake happened underground |
| Surface Wave Synonym | L-wave |
| Surface Wave (def) | Waves that travel like ripples on a pond across Earth's surface; combination of P & S-waves; most destructive |
| Seismograph (def) | nstrument that detects & records earthquakes |
| Seismologist (def) | Scientist who studies earthquakes |
| Earthquake (def) | Shaking of Earth's crust due to vibrations made from rocks breaking |
| Fault (def) | A large crack in rock: Surface along which rock breaks or moves |
| Layers of the Earth from the outsid in | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core |
| Focus (def) | Point in Earth's interior where earthquake energy is released |
| Magnitude (def) | measure of the energy released by an earthquake |
| P-wave (def) | Waves that move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to move back & forth; fastest seismic waves; first waves to arrive at a seismic station; formed by compressional and tension forces |
| Tsumamis (def) | Ocean waves generated by earthquakes |
| Moho Discontinuity (def) | oundary between the crust and mantle wher density increases with depth |
| Seismic Wave (def) | Energy waves that move outward from the earhquake & make the ground quake. |
| Secondary Wave (def) | Waves that move though the Earth causing particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave; S-waves;second fastest; body waves; only travel through solids |
| Order of arrival at a seismic station for P, S & L waves | P first, S second, & L last |
| Body waves (def | P & S-waves |
| 3 Forces Rocks Experience | Compression, Tension & Shear |
| Steps of the Elastic Rebound Theory | Friction prevents movement, Stress deforms plates, Stress overcomes friction & plates move suddenly because rocks have bent & stretched until they have broken, Results in the plates snapping back to shape but at new locations |
| Seismic Waves that travel through Solids, & Liquids | P-waves |
| Material/s S-waves can travel through | Solids |
| Slowest Seismic wave | L-wave |
| Fastest Seismic wave | P-waves |
| Seismic waves used to calculate distance to the epicenter | P & S waves |
| # of Stations that must provide seismogram readings to locate the epicenter of an earthquake | 3 |
| How does the size of the earthquake damage area change based focus depth increasing? | It increases |
| Richter Scale (def) | Scale that measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake |
| San Andreas Fault | Area of frequent earthquakes due to the Pacific plate trying to move past the North American plate. Shear forces involved at a transform(sliding) plate boundary |
