| A | B |
|---|
| Barbarian tribes that invaded Europe & helped the collapse of the Roman Empire? | Franks, Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths |
| Fierce barbarian group from Central Asia forced a mass migration & led by Attila - excellent horsemen, used stirrups | Huns |
| Barbarian group whose name became synonymous with senseless destruction | Vandals |
| Germanic group that created a kingdom in modern day France | Franks |
| The "savior" of Christianity in Europe - nicknamed "the Hammer" - stopped the Muslim invasion at Tours, 732 | Charles Martel |
| Battle in which Charles Martel stopped the Muslim invasion of Europe | Battle of Tours |
| Because Charles Martel defeated the muslims at the Battle of Tours, which religion remained dominant in Europe? | Christianity |
| Frankish king crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" by the pope in 800? | Charlemagne |
| Why is Charlemagne important? | He was the first to create a united Christian Europe & ruled with a government bureaucracy |
| How did Charlemagne set up his government bureaucracy to rule his empire? | He appointed counts to rule local regions, then appointed officials ["missi domenici"] to check on the counts, listening to complaints & seeing justice done |
| System of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | bureaucracy |
| What happened to Charlemagne's united Europe [empire] after he died? | It collapsed |
| Feudalism | a military & political system based on land ownership & loyalty |
| How feudalism worked | Lords divided their land among lesser lords [vassals] who in exchange owed military service & promised loyalty to the greater lord |
| What 2 things did the Lords give to their vassals [lesser lords]? | a fief [land estate] & protection |
| What 2 things did the Vassal [lesser lord] owe to his greater Lord? | military service & loyalty [homage] |
| Why did the feudal system develop? | After Charlemagne died, rulers were too weak to protect people from the Vikings & other barbarian invaders. People needed protection. |
| Vassal | the lesser lord who owed military service & loyalty to the greater lord |
| Fief | the estate granted by the Lord to his vassal [in exchange for the vassal's military service] |
| knight | noble who served as a mounted warrior to a lord |
| Chivalry | Code of honor followed by knights requiring them to be brave, loyal & true to their word |
| How did chivalry affect women? | Raised their status, calling for women to be protected/cherished |
| the Manor | the lord's estate including one or more villages & the surrounding lands |
| Serfs | peasants who lived on the manor & were bound to the land |
| Why was the manor at the heart of medieval economy? | The people on the manor had to produce everything they needed - it was self-sufficient |
| What jobs did the serfs do? | Farm the lord's land, repair roads, fences, bridges |
| What did the lord give the serfs in exchange for their labor? | A small piece of land for themselves & protection |
| How were the serfs different than slaves? How were theyalike? | Serfs could not be bought or sold, but they could not leave the land without the lord's permission |
| How could "being bound" to the land help the serfs? | they could not get kicked off - if the land were sold or given to a vassal, the serfs went with it. |
| clergy | church people - the pope, bishops, priests, monks |
| nobles | at the top of feudal society - lords, their vassals, knights & high Church officials |
| peasants | free farmers & serfs - made up the majority & at the bottom of feudal society |
| fallow | land left empty for a year to rejuvenate the soil |
| sacrament | Church rituals [Baptism, communion, etc.] you needed for salvation [to avoid Hell & gain God's grace for Heaven] |
| secular | non-religious [worldly] |
| What was the most important institution during the Middle Ages | the Church |
| What were the religious duties of the Church? | To serve peoples' spiritual needs, teach Christianity, administer the sacraments & conduct mass |
| What were some secular [non-religious] roles of the Church? | owned land, collected a tax [tithe], had their own laws & courts, could punish people who disobeyed the Church |
| What was the most severe Church punishment? | Excommunication - being kicked out of the Church & not able to receive the sacraments |
| Canon Law | Church laws concerning such things as religious teachings, marriage & morals |
| Pope | Head of the Church & God's earthly representative |
| Bishop | a high-ranking Church official with authority over a local area or diocese |
| priest | leader of a religious community & under the authority of a bishop |
| monks & nuns | lived, worked & prayed in monasteries - often provided social services & preserved learning |
| 3 basic social services performed by monks & nuns | Care for the sick, alms [charity] to the poor, education |
| How did monks & nuns preserve learning? | They copied ancient Greek & Latin texts & the Bible |
| monasteries | places where monks & nuns lived |
| missionaries | people who spread Christianity to non-Christian lands |
| Missionary who brought Christianity to Ireland | St. Patrick |
| charter | a written document that set out the rights & privileges of a town |
| capital | money for investment |
| guild | an association of merchants or artisans [in the same occupation] formed to protect their economic interests, set standards, prices & wages |
| What group spurred economic recovery in Europe & how? | peasants - they adopted new farming technologies [iron plow, horse harness, 3-field system] that produced more food |
| What happened to the population of Europe between 1000-1300 & why? | population doubled due to the increase in food |
| Trade fairs | places where traders & customers met to trade animals, farm goods & products - usually near a river or where trade routes met |
| How did towns develop? | Trade fairs closed in winter, merchants stayed near castles, artisans also stayed to make goods the merchants could sell - eventually became towns |
| 3 new business practices that developed | partnerships, insurance, bills of exchange |
| apprentice | person learning a trade under a guild master |
| tithe | Church tax - 10% of income |
| Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against Jews - who were blamed for Jesus' death & then for every other disaster that happened |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy, invades England & defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings 1066 - gains control of England by use of the feudal system |
| Domesday Book | Census taken by William I [the conqueror] which greatly extended his control over England |
| Magna Carta | Nobles pressure King John to sign - limited the power of the king because he had to consult his Great Council before raising taxes & protected individual rights |
| Parliament | evolved from the "Great Council" became the legislative body in England made up of the House of lords [nobles & clergy] & the House of Commons [knights & townspeople] |
| How did the Magna Carta lead to the first Parliament? | Magna Carta said the king could not raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council of Barons [later became Parliament] |
| common law | in England, system of law based on court decisions that became the law that applied to everyone |
| jury | in England, group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case |
| Holy Roman Empire | Empire that included present day Germany & Austria |
| Crusade | a holy war |
| The Crusades | a series of wars undertaken by European Christians to gain back the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| Holy Land | Land around Jerusalem, where Jesus lived & died, sacred to Christians |
| Religious reasons for going on the Crusades | The pope promised Crusaders their sins would be forgiven & they would immediately go to heaven if they died; many religious people wanted to help Christians who were threatened by the Muslims |
| Other reasons for the Crusades | Economic - wealth from plunder; Political - set up Crusader states ruled by Christian knights |
| Crusader states | Feudal states set up by Christian knights in Jerusalem, Palestine & Syria during the First Crusades |
| Did the Crusades ultimately win back the Holy Land? | No |
| Results of the Crusades | Increased Trade; Exposure to more advanced cultures of Muslims & Byzantines [cultural diffusion]; Kings gain power by raising taxes & armies for Crusades; Feudalsim begins to end [Nobles sell their estates, allow serfs to buy their freedom]; Crusaders learn to build better ships, make more accurate maps, and improve their weapons [gunpowder from China] |
| Theology | study of religion |
| Scholasticism | the use of reason to support faith |
| vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people [Books started to be written in ordinary languages like English that people could read, instead of Latin] |
| university | developed from cathedral schools modeled on guilds with charters that set standards for learning |
| cathedral | Great stone churches that became the greatest of the architectural achievements in the Middle Ages |
| Thomas Aquinas | Famous scholastic writer who examined Christian teachings in light of reason |
| "Canterbury Tales" | First work written in English, [by Chaucer], sketches a range of medieval characters |
| Dante | wrote the "Divine Comedy" - making fun of religion by taking a journey through Purgatory, Hell & Heaven |
| "Divine Comedy" | Written by Dante - made fun of religion by taking a journey through purgatory, Hell & Heaven |
| Chaucer | Wrote "Canterbury Tales" - the first book written in the English vernacular |
| Romanesque | Type of architecture that looked like a fortress [thick walls, slits for windows] |
| Gothic | Soaring architecture whose tall, graceful spires, lofty ceilings & stained glass windows inspired people to look up to Heaven |
| Flying buttresses | Held up the high walls & ceilings of Gothic Cathedrals |
| Doom painting | Paintings of Hell & the Last Judgement - meant to teach people religion & to fear sin & not to disobey the Church |
| Why did churches have statues & doom paintings? | People could not read or write, so they needed visuals to teach them about religion |
| Black Death | Global epidemic spread by the Bubonic plague |
| Bubonic plague | a contagious disease spread by fleas on rats |
| How did the Black Death [Bubonic Plague] start? | Monguls invaded China – dead bodies were catapulted over city walls, spreading disease – fleas on rats brought the disease to Europe on trading ships |
| What were the effects of the Black Death [Bubonic plague]? | 1/3 of Europe died; Social upheaval - people turned to witchcraft or religious fanatacism; Economic - production stopped as workers & employers died; Anti-Semitism - Jews were blamed |
| What were some long-term effects of the Black Death [Bubonic plague] | Improved economy - less available workers meant higher wages; Church is weakened - people begin to doubt - faith did not stop the plague |
| Dance of Death | So many people died during the Black Death, that death was personified by the "Grim Reaper" [a skeleton with a scythe to harvest dead souls] |
| Flagellants | During the Black Death, People who beat themselves with whips to show they repented their sins [They thought the plague was God's punishment] |
| Hundred Years War | Series of wars betwen England & France |
| What caused the Hundred Years War? | English kings claimed & held land in France - the English king claimed the French crown |
| Joan of Arc | Young French girl, heard God tell her to lead the French to victory in the 100 Years War; she was burned at the stake by the English; later made a saint by the Church |
| What new weapons were the result of the 100 Years war? | the long bow, gun powder & cannons - made feudal warfare & knights out-dated |
| What is a long-term efect of the 100 Years War for England? | It lost its land in France, but turned to overseas trade - which led to discovering new lands like America |
| John Wycliffe | English professor, wanted to reform the Church - said the Bible, not the pope had authority over Christians & translated the Bible into English |
| Jan Hus | Church reformer & professor in Bohemia - influenced by Wycliffe, burned at the stake as a heretic |
| heretic | person who goes against the teachings of the Church |
| Why did reformers see a need to reform the Church? | High Church officials [the pope & bishops] had become too wealthy, powerful & corrupt |
| What caused the split [Great Schism] in the Church? | Too many popes - one in France & one in Rome |
| What was a result of the Church schism [split]? | The Church's power was weakened |
| What effect did the 100 Years War have on France? | National pride [nationalism] |
