| A | B |
|---|
| atom | basic building blocks of all the substances in the universe |
| neutral | electrical charge of an atom |
| 109 | number of elements |
| chemical bonding | combining of atoms of elements to form new substances |
| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom |
| valence electrons | most important factor in determining how atoms combine |
| electron arrangement | determines whether or not an atom will form chemical bonds |
| form complete outermost energy levels | purpose of bonding |
| stable | an atom is considered ________ if its outermost energy level is complete |
| ionic | bonding that involves a transfer of electons |
| ion | charged atom |
| positive | atoms that lose electrons have a ________ charge |
| negative | atoms that gain electrons have a _______ charge |
| attract | ions with opposite charges _________ each other |
| electron affinity | tendency of an atom to attract electrons |
| ionization | process of removing electrons and forming ions |
| lose | atoms with low ionization energy _____ electrons easily |
| crystal lattice | regular repeating arrangement of ions in an ionic compound |
| covalent bonding | bonding in which electons are shared |
| electron-dot diagram | way that chemists represent the electron sharing in a covalent bond |
| covalent bonding | type of bonding when the attraction between the nucleus and the shared electrons holds the atoms together |
| molecule | combination of atoms formed b a covalent bond |
| low | covalently bonded solids tend to have _____ melting points |
| molecule | smallest particle of a covalently bonded substance that has all the properties of that substance |
| polyatomic ion | a group of covalently bonded atoms that acts like a single atom when combining with other atoms |
| ductile | ability to be drawn into a thin wire |
| malleable | ability to be hammered into thin sheets without breaking |
| oxidation number | number of electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares when it forms chemical bonds |
| zero | sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a compound must be ________ |
| electrons, nuclei | The basis of metallic bonding is the sea of __________ that surrounds the ______ and is simultaneously attracted by them. |
| diatomic | elements that exist in nature as two atoms covalently bonded |
| network solid | covalent substance whose molecules are very large because the atoms involved continue to bond to one another |
| ionization energy | energy needed to remove electrons from an atom |
| ionic | type of bonding between a metal and a non-metal |
| covalent | type of bonding between two non-metals |
| metallic bonding | type of bonding which involves a sea of electrons and 2 metals |
| valence electrons | an atom's chemical activity is determined by these |
