| A | B |
|---|
| Thomas Malthus | A British thinker who tried to explain the changes that were taking place in the early industrial age |
| iron law of wages | A phrase used by David Ricardo who pointed out that when wages were high, families had more children. More children meant more people to eventually work the more workers the lower the wage |
| John Stuart Mill | A Utilitarian who believed in stong individual freedom and government to help improve the hard lives of the working people |
| Utopians | Socialists who tried to build a self-sufficient communitie where work was shared and property was owned by everyone |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto that presented communism as a form of socialism: economics as a driving force in history ans the struggle of the classes |
| Luddite | The name given to the movement amoung workers to smash and burn factories during the Industrial Revolution |
| John Wesley | Founder of the Methodist Church |
| Methodism | New religion that suggested the need for a personal sense of faith: this religion appealed to the working poor |
| urbanization | the movement of people into the cities where there were factories and jobs |
| tenement | multistory buildings divided into crowded appartments |
| labor unions | workers who organize together to gain bargaining power for better wages and benefits |
| John Kay | invented the flying shuttle which made it possible for weavers to work faster and produce more products |
| James Hargreaves | Improved on the design of the spinning jenny |
| Richard Arkwright | Invented the waterframe which used water power to speed up machines |
| George Stephenson | Developed steam powered trains |
| captial | money invested in business to help them get started |
| factories | placaes where workers and machine to produce large quanities of goods were brought together |
| Charles Townshend | Helped farmers to learn more about how to use and perserve their soil by rotation of crops |
| Jethro Tull | Invented a machine to help farmers plant seeds faster |
| Thormas Newcomen | Developed a steam powered engine to pump water out of coal mines |
| James Watt | Made imporve on the steam powered engine |
| Abraham Darby | invented a way to remove impurities from iron making it stronger and more useful for rails for train tracks |
| anesthetic | a drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| smelt | a term that means separating iron from its ore |
| enclosure | When land is fenced off for sheep or other grazing animals |
