| A | B |
|---|
| viceroy | A ruler of a viceroyalty |
| auction | A public sale of property to the highest bidder |
| bondage | Held by force |
| cash crop | A crop grown to be sold for profit |
| colony | A settlement started by people who keep ties with their home country |
| debt | Money owed to another |
| expedition | A journey with a specific purpose |
| grant | Something given for a specific purpose |
| heritage | Things passed down to children from parents and ancestors |
| immune | Not affected |
| inferior | Of a lower rank |
| passage | A course by which something passes |
| province | A division in a country |
| mestizo | Person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |
| regulate | To control or adjust |
| sea dog | English sailor who attacked other nations' ships |
| triangular trade | Movement of trade ships between Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| culture | a way of life that people share, including arts, beliefs, and customs. |
| domestication | the practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs. |
| civilization | civilization has five features: (1) cities that are centers of trade, (2) specialized jobs for different people, (3) organized forms of government and religion, (4) a system of record keeping, and (5) advanced tools. |
| Mound Builders | Native Americans who built large earthen structures as burial mounds and temples. |
| technology | the use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs. |
| slash and burn | A method of agriculture where farmers chopped down and then burned trees on a plot of land. The ashes from the fire enriched the soil. |
| agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock also known as farming |
| Iroquois League | In the late 1500s, five northern Iroquois nations took the advice of a peace-seeking man named Deganawida. They stopped warring with each other and formed an alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca native Americans. |
| Mayan | a member of an native American people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; "Mayans had a system of writing and an accurate calendar" |
| Aztecs | Native Americans who created a great civilization in what is now central Mexico. In 1325, they began to build their capital city, Tenochtitlán (teh•NAWCH•tee•TLAHN), on islands in Lake Texcoco. |
| Inca | was an empire that existed in South America from about 1200 |
| Henry Hudson | An Englishman who made two voyages in search of the Northwest Passage to Asia |
| John Cabot | An Italian explorer who searched for the Northwest Passage on behalf of England |
| Giovanni da Verrazzano | An Italian explorer who sailed for the French in search of the Northwest Passage |
| Jacques Cartier | A French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River in search of the Northwest Passage |
| Spanish Armada | The great Spanish fleet that was destroyed in 1588 |
| Samuel de Champlain | A French explorer who founded the first permanent French settlement in North America at Quebec |
| New France | The French colony in North America |
| African Disaspora | Forced removal of Africans to America for slavery |
| middle passage | The voyage of slave ships from Africa to the Americas |
| racism | The belief that some people are inferior because of their race |
| Columbian Exchange | The movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres |
| plantation | Large farm that raises cash crops |
| slavery | The practice of holding a person in bondage for labor |
| encomienda | A grant of Native American labor |
