| A | B |
|---|
| Catherine de' Medici | Wife of Henry II who acted as regent for her sons after Henry II was killed |
| Guise | Catholic family and leader of the ultra-Catholics in France |
| Bourbons | Huguenot family who controlled the south and west of France |
| politiques | French politicians with a secular view who put their hopes in a strong monarchy |
| Jean Bodin | French political philosopher who developed modern theory of sovereignty |
| Vassy | Site of the massacre of a peaceful group of Huguenots by the Guise |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Massacre of Huguenots which began in Paris in August 1572 |
| Admiral de Coligny | Primary target of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
| Henry of Navarre | Bourbon Huguenot who married Charles IX's sister |
| War of the Three Henries | Conflict between Henry, Duke of Guise, Henry III, and Henry of Navarre |
| Henry IV | First Bourbon king of France |
| Edict of Nantes | Document that guaranteed religious and political freedom to Huguenots |
| Holy League | Led by Spain this alliance defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto |
| Philip II | "Most Catholic king" of Spain who spent his life trying to restore Catholicism to all of Europe |
| William of Nassau, prince of Orange | Protestant leader of the resistence in the Netherlands |
| Duke of Alva | Spanish duke sent to crush the Dutch rebellion of 1566 |
| Pacification of Ghent | Agreement that made William of Orange leader of all the provinces of the Netherlands |
| Union of Arras | A Catholic union of the southern provinces of the Netherlands |
| Duke of Parma | Spanish leader who split the united front created by the Pacification of Ghent |
| "new" Act of Supremacy | Act of Parliament that made Elizabeth I head of church and state |
| Act of Uniformity | Restored the Book of Common Prayer to Anglican Church services |
| Purtians | English Protestants who wished to remove all elements of Catholicism from the Church of England |
| Mary, Queen of Scots | Elizabeth's cousin who was beheaded for plotting the overthrow of Elizabeth |
| Spanish Armada | Philip's great navy that was defeated by the English sea dogs |
| Jacob Fugger | Head of a famous banking family |
| Amsterdam | By 1650, the greatest banking and commercial center of Europe |
| Thirty Years' War | "Last of the Religious Wars" |
| Peace of Augsburg | Agreement that ended the conflict between German Catholics and Lutherans |
| Protestant Union | League of German Protestant states formed by the Elector Palatine Frederick IV |
| Catholic League | Group of German Catholic states formed by Duke Maximilian |
| Bohemian Phase | First phase in the Thirty Years' War |
| Battle of White Mountain | Battle lost by Protestant forces in the Bohemian phase of the war |
| Danish phase | Second phase of the Thirty Years' War |
| Edict of Restitution | Proclamation issued by Ferdinand II which prohibited Calvinist worship and restored all Catholic property |
| Swedish phase | Third phase in the Thirty Years' War |
| Franco-Swedish phase | Last phase in the Thirty Years' War |
| Albrecht von Wallenstein | Bohemian nobleman who defeated the Danes in the 30 Years' War |
| King Christian IV of Denmark | Lutheran who intervened in the 30 Years' War on behalf of the Protestants |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king who was killed at the Battle of Lutzen |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Chief minister of Louis XIII of France |
| Battle of Rocroi | French victory that brought an end to Spanish military greatness |
| Peace of Westphalia | Agreement that allowed each German prince to determine the religion of their state |
| Malleus Maleficarum | Handbook on the practice of witchcraft |
| Baroque | Style of art marked by heavy & dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines; especially associated with Catholic Church |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Besancon Hugues | Leader of Geneva's political revolt from House of Savoy that was a prelude to that city's Calvinist Reformation; derivative for term Huguenots |
| Conspiracy of Amboise | Abortive plot by Louis I, Prince of Conde and Admiral Coligny to kidnap Francis II from his Guise advisors |
| Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye | Ended the 3rd war od religion in France; granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities |
| Don John | Philip II's half brother; his fleets defeated Turks at Lepanto; after being defeated in Netherlands sign he Perpetual Edict |
| Perpetual Edict | Provided for removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days |
| Spanish Fury | Greates atrocity of the religious war in the Netherlands; Spanish mercenaries killed 7,000 in Antwerp |
| Duke of Alencon | Frenchman and youngest son of Catherine d/Medici whom the Dutch Protestants turned to after declaring Philip II was no longer king; when he tried to assert actual control, he was deposed |
| Marian Exiles | English protestants who fled England during the reign of Mary I; settled on the continent when they were exposed to even more radical views |
| Union of Utrecht | Union of the northern provinces of the Netherlands; formed in reaction to the union of the southern provinces |
| Frederick III of Palatine | convert to Calvinism and elector of the Palatinate; made Calvinism his official religion in violation of Peace of Augsburg |
| Letter of Majesty | issued by Emperor Rudolf II; broadened the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants |
| Defenestration of Prague | Name given to the act of throwing Ferdinand's regents out of a 3rd story window; taken in reaction to Ferdinand's election as king of Bohemia; they feared a loss of their religious rights |
| "new papists" | terms given to Calvinists by their critics |
| Montmorency-Chatillons | Huguenot family who controlled the center of France |
| John Knox | leader of Calvinist movement in Scotland who declared that removal of a heathen tyrant was a Christian duty |
| Sir William Cecil | Shrewd advisor to Elizabeth I; instrumental in guiding a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented a religious civil war during Elizabeth's reign |
| Conventicle Act of 1593 | English act that gave separatists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Anglican Church or facing exile or death |
| Perpetual Edict (1577) | provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands |
| hegemony | preponderant influence or authority of one nation over other nations |
| sovereignity | freedom from external control; an independent nation has sovereignty |
