| A | B |
|---|
| Age of Exploration | Period when European sea captains made voyages of exploration and set the stage for an expansion of European power around the world. |
| monopoly | complete control over a good or service |
| bullion | bars of gold and silver |
| Line of demarcation | gave Spain possession of discovered and undiscovered lands |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the globe |
| conquistador | conquerer |
| viceroy | a Spanish King's representative |
| encomiendas | grants that entitled landowners to demand labor and taxes from the Indians that lived on their land |
| peons | Indians |
| Northwest Passage | a waterway through North America to Asia |
| Puritans | Protestants that were persecuted because they believed that the Church of England had not reformed enough |
| privateer | private ships authorized by the government to attack enemy ships |
| legislature | lawmaking body |
| French and Indian War | the final showdown between England and France; it began in 1754 |
| Bartholemeu dias | found a route around Africa to the Indian Ocean |
| Vasco DaGama | continued Dias' journey all the way to India |
| Christopher Columbus | Discovered Caribbean, most of Central American coast, and Cuba during his four voyages |
| Amerigo Vespucci | sailing for both Spain and Portugal, he wrote accounts of what he saw in the New World; the Americas were named after him |
| Ponce de Leon | discovered Puerto Rico and Florida |
| Ferdinand Magellan | His crew cicumnavigated the globe |
| Vasco de Balboa | crossed Panama and was 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean |
| conquistadors | left the Caribbean settlements in search of gold, and to spread Christianity |
| Fernando Cortes | led the conquistadors to Mexico in 1519, and met the Aztecs |
| Montezuma | Aztec king, welcomed the Spaniards, believing they were gods |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquistador, went to the modern day area of Peru, where he met the Inca's and their ruler Atahualpa |
| Atahualpa | welcomed Pizarro and was taken prisoner, battle ensued, but the Inca's were no match for spanish swords, cannons, guns, and horses |
| Francisco Pizarro (cont.) | ordered the death of Atahualpa after a ransom of gold was given, he too was assassinated |
| Hernando de soto | found the Carolina's and the Mississippi River |
| Francisco de Coronado | found Grand Canyon, and the land in between all the way to Kansas |
| Spain's empire | strong, centralized government with provinces run by viceroys |
| encomiendas | demand of labor and takes from the indians, called peons, who worked for spanish landowners |
| missions | spread Christianity and worked to protect the Indians from slavery, in favor of African slaves |
| Pedro Cabal | claimed the area of Brazil to Uraguay for Portugal in 1500...they set up plantations and missions along with the search for gold |
| sugar and the horse | from the old world |
| corn and the cow | from the new world |
| Christopher Columbus | re-introduced the horse to the Americas in 1493 |
| sugar | reached Africa from Indonesia by the early 1300's |
| corn | part of the Native American cuisine |
| desire for wealth and power | Europeans searched for riches in distant countries and a sea route to Asia |
| Religious aims | Europeans hoped to spread Christianity and to drive Muslims out of other lands |
| renaissance spirit | European adventurers wanted to test the limits of human ability and to explore the unknown |
| improvements in technology | Europeans began to build stronger, faster sailing ships. They developed beter navigational instruments and more accurate maps. |
| European Exploration Immediate Effects | Sailors learned more about geography and improved navigation. |
| Effects (cont.) | The Portuguese built plantations and trading posts in West Africa |
| Effects (cont.) | The Portuguese discovered a sea route to India. |
| effects (cont.) | Columbus was the fist European to reach the Americas. |
| effects (cont.) | Magellan's crew sailed around the world |
| effects (cont.) | The Line of Demarcation was established to prevent disputes over newly discovered lands. Spain was given possession of lands west of Europe, while Portugal could claim lands to the east of the line |
| Long-term Effects | European nations competed to establish colonies in the Americas and greatly expanded their wealth and power. |
| long-term effects (cont.) | Europe established sea trade with India. |
| long-term effects (cont.) | the slave trade expanded |
| Henry Hudson | Dutch explorer--was looking for the Northwest Passage, a water route through North America to the Pacific Ocean |
| Henry Hudson (cont.) | he claimed the area around the Hudson River (New York City) for the Netherlands, allowing settlers to establish a colony. |
| Henry Hudson (cont.) | he continued his exploration north only to be left to die by his crew who were afraid of dying in the freezing cold of extreme North Canada. |
| John Cabot | British explorer--sailed to the north east coast of Canada now known as Newfoundland--the area is world renoun for excellent fishing |
| Dutch Trading Empires | the Dutch managed to gain control of the traditional tradde routes to Asia for 300 years, but were only in the New World for a short time. |
| English Trading Empire and Colonies | England developed a strong naval fleet to gain and control trade routes to Asia and the New World |
| English trading empire (cont.) | England used privateers--government approved pirate ships--to capture Spanish treasure ships. |
| English trading empire (cont.) | English settlers began to arrive in North America and setup 13 colonies, and more in Canada |
| English trading empire (cont.) | Reasons for settlement: 1. religious persecution at home--Puritans, Quakers and Roman Catholics setup colonies. 2. economics--free land and the search for gold |
| English trading empire (cont.) | as more settlers arrived, farms, plantations and sea ports grew along with an increase in the slave trade to work the farmland. |
| English trading empire (cont.) | Colonies created legislatures--lawmaking bodies. |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer--claimed the St. Lawrence River |
| Samuel de Champlain | French explorer--founded Quebec |
| Louis Joliet & Jacques Marquette | French explorers--claimed the Great Lakes |
| LaSalle | French explorer--claimed land in Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico....fur trading became the primary source of wealth for the French settlers. |
| Conflicts | France and Britain came to blows over control of the land around the Great Lakes and St.Lawrence River--leading to the French and Indian War |
| conflicts (cont.) | England's naval and military superiority defeated the French |
| conflicts (cont.) | France lost most of its colonies in the New World--England received Canada and Spain received territory west of the Mississippi River. |
| Commercial Revolution | the developments of the economic years 1450-1700 |
| Mercantilism | the combination of booming economic growth and expanding royal power gave rise to this theory |
| Balance of Trade | the difference in value between imports and exports |
| Joint Stock Company | a type of business arrangement |
| Inflation | sharp, steady rise in prices caused by excessive demand |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on the private ownership and use of capital. |
| Capital | is wealth in form of property money, that is used to make more money. |
| Free enterprise system | capitalism |
| Law of Supply and Demand | conversely, when the supply of a product exceeds the demand, the price goes down. |
| Market economy | when price and quantity decisions are made in a free market |
| Indentured servants | people who agreed to work a certain number of years for an American employer in exchange for paid passage overseas |
| Mestizos | children of Indian and Europeans |
| Mulattos | descendants of Europeana and Aficans |
| Maroons | communities of runaway slaves |
| Accumulation of Wealth | Rulers decided that in order to gain economic and military strength, the state had to build up wealth in the form of gold and silver bullion |
| Accumulation of Wealth (cont.) | rulers encouraged exports and discouraged or outlawed imports, because they wanted to have a favorable balance of trade |
| Trade with colonies | colonies were expected to supply the home country with wealth--either gold or silver from its mines or valuable raw materials. Rulers insisted that the colonies buy goods only from the home country |
| Private Ownership | number one main feature of capitalism--capital belongs to individuals, who are free to do what they like with it. For this reason, capitalism is also called the free-enterprise system. |
| Profit motive | number two main feature of capitalism--the profit motive is based on the law of supply and demand. When enough people want a product, producers will supply it because they want to make a profit. |
| Market economy | third main feature of capitalism--A money value can be placed on everything in the marketplace--land, goods, time and labor. Buyers and sellers are free to exchange goods and services at prices determined by supply and demand. |
| Slave trade facts | 1. During colonial rule, the populations of the Americas changed dramatically. |
| slave trade facts | 2. labor and mistreatment killed many Indians, but the spread of diseases killed most. |
| slave trade facts | 3. African slaves were needed to offset the labor shortage. |
| slave trade facts | 4. In 1518, Spain began to directly ship to the Americas because of Africans converting to Christianity, and Africans did most of the labor |
| slave trade facts | 5. African slaves were sent to South America, West Indies and English colonies in North America |
| slave trade facts | 6. Europeans came to the new world to find adventures and riches |
| slave trade facts | 7. Some Europeans came over as indentured servants |
| slave trade facts | 8. European influences like political and religious institutions, private ownership, and Christianity spread through the Americas and Europeans accepted Indian influence like foods and canoes. |
| slave trade facts | 9. New groups emerged from the mingling of races, including mestizos and mulattos. |
| slave trade facts | 10. Africans learned European languages but kept their own languages and African traditions. |
| slave trade facts | 11. Some African slaves gained their freedom by earning it or running away, they were called maroons. |
| slave trade facts | 12. Slavery existed in Africa before the slave trade, but they were usually captives, criminals, debtors, or the poor. |
| slave trade facts | 13. Slaves were used by the Portuguese to grow sugar on African islands. |
| slave trade facts | 14. Angola and West Africa were the main areas for slave traders because it was closest to the coast. |
| slave trade facts | 15. In return for slaves, the African Kingdoms like Oyo and Dahomey received horses and a powerful cavalry |
| slave trade facts | 16. Slavery affected the enslaved more than Africa itself because Europeans saw Africa as a place to find slaves, not as a place for slaves. |
| slave trade facts | 17. Between 1807 and 1870, the United States were successful in ending the slave trade in Europe and the New World. |
| The Triangular Trade | The trade route from Europe to Africa where in Africa, slaves were loaded on boats, from Africa they went to the West Indies, where they picked up rum, sugar cane, from the West Inides they went to the British colonies, there they dropped off the slaves, and the rum and other goods aquired on the way, at British colonies they picked up textiles manufactured there and delivered them to Europe for trade..from Europe, they resupplied and repeated the process. |
