| A | B |
|---|
| learning | a change in behavior due to prior experience |
| UCR: in classical conditioning, the unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned Response |
| UCS; in classical conditioning, a stimulust that unconditionally triggers a response | Unconditioned Stimulus |
| CR; in classical conditoning, the learned response to a previously neutral condtioned stimulus | conditioned response |
| CS; in clasical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response | conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response |
| extinction | the diminishing of a CR; occurs when an UCS does not follow a CS |
| generalization | the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS |
| discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli |
| behavior | a function of its consequences |
| continuous reinforcement | reward following every response |
| partial reinforcement | reward only sometimes following the response |
| types of partial reinforcement | fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval |
| punishment | decreases likliness of a response |
| secondary reinforcers | learned reinforcers; they gain power through association (an example is money) |
| reinforcer | increases liklihood of behavior |
| shaping | rewards used to gradually build an organism's behavior toward a desired behavior |
| Pavlov | discovered Classical Conditioning |
| Skinner | discovered Operant Conditioning |
| parallel processing | when two functions are occuring in the brain sumultaneously |
| primacy effect | remember things at the beginning of the list |
| recency effect | remembering things at the end of the list |
| Types of encoding | Semantic, Acoustic, and Visual |
| Sensory Memory | preserves information in its original form for about a fraction of a second |
| Iconic Memory | Part of sensory memory when your eyes hold an exact representation of the information |
| Types of Organization in long-term memory | clustering, semantic networks, and schemas |
| explicit memory | you consciously recall something or give conscious meaning to it |
| implicit memory | recollection of previous experiences demonstrated through behavior rather than intentional learning |
| types of retrieval | The 3 R's: Recall, Recognition, Relearning |
| proactive forgetting | past learning disrupts later learning |
| retroactive forgetting | new information desrupts past learning |
| Perception | what brain does with sensory material |
| bottom-up processing | information comes in and we take it to the brain |
| top-down processing | based on experiences; what we expect or assume to be true |
| Ways to group stimuli | proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and connectedness |
| Sleep Stage 1 | hypogogic |
| Sleep Stage 2 | sleep spindles, sleep talking, |
| Sleep Stage 3 | delta waves appear |
| Sleep Stage 4 | sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting |
| REM Sleep | dreaming, muscular paralysis, physiological arousal |
| Sleep disorders | Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnia, |
| hypnosis | heightened state of suggestibility; relaxation; inner focus |
