| A | B |
|---|
| Define behavior. | It's the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. |
| Define stimulus. | It's any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected. |
| Define response. | It's a specific reaction to a stimulus. |
| What are some types of stimuli to which animals respond? | Light, sound, odors, and heat. |
| When an animal responds to a stimulus, what body systems interact to produce the resultant behavior? | Their sense organs, nervous system, and muscles interact. |
| Can behaviors be inherited through the genes? Explain your answer. | Yes. After natural seletion has operated for many generations, most individuals in the population will exhibit the adaptive behavior. |
| What's the importance of a behavior directed by genes? | That behavior may help the individual to survive and reproduce. |
| Define what is meant by "innate behavior". | It's an instinct, or inborn behavior; it appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed. |
| Give some examples of innate behaviors. | The suckling of a newborn mammal; building of hanging nests by weaver birds; weaving of a spider web. |
| Name the 4 types of learning. | Habituation; classical conditioning; operant conditioning; insight learning. |
| What is habituation (simplest learning)? | It's a process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal. The animal ignores a nonthreatening or unrewarding stimulus. (Text example: ragworm) |
| What is classical conditioning? | It's when an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment. (Example: dog sees owner coming with leash; dog & skunk; Ivan Pavlov: salivation in dogs) |
| What is operant conditioning? | It's when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called trial & error learning. (Example: B.F. Skinner's box) |
| What is insight learning (most complex learning)? | It's when an animal applies something already learned to a new situation (Example: chimp stacking boxes to reach bananas) |
| What is imprinting? | It's learning based on early experience; once imprinting occurs, the behavior cannot be changed. It involves innate and learned behavior; it can be through sight or scent. ( See examples on pg. 876) |
