| A | B |
|---|
| territories | lands which belong to a national government but which are not states |
| treaty | an agreement between countries |
| republic | form of government in which people elect representatives to run the country |
| embargo | refusal by one country to trade its goods with another country |
| reaper | farm machine for cutting grain and pulse crops as the first stage in harvesting |
| expedition | journey made for a special purpose |
| frontier spirit | belief that although American frontier offered danger and hardship it also promised boundless opportunity |
| landscape | expanse of scenery that can be seen from one place |
| pathfinders | people who find way through unknown region |
| pioneers | people who first settle a new place |
| acquisition | something collected |
| forced migration | movement of people without their consent |
| westward movement | migration of Americans from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean and all spaces in between |
| cotton gin | device for removing seeds from cotton fiber |
| population | all people living in a specified area |
| fertile | rich material needed to sustain plant growth |
| canals | man made waterways to facilitate irrigation or transportation |
| overland trails | any of several trails in the U.S. over which pioneers traveled to the Pacific Ocean |
| expansion | act of expanding beyond present boundaries |
| prairie schooner | covered wagon, drawn by horses or oxen, that was used by pioneers in crossing the North American prairies and plains |
| wagon train | line or train of wagons travelling across country |
| slave labor | workforce of people forced to work against their will |
| steamboat | small, shallow vessel powered by a steam engine |
| capitalist | investor of capital (money) in business, especially one having a major financial interest in an important enterprise |
| factory | building or group of buildings in which goods are manufactured, a plant |
| mass production | way to produce large amounts of goods at one time |
| mill girls | 16 to 25 year old girls who worked in Lowell textile mills |
| textile mill | factory where fibers such as cotton and wool are woven into clothes |
| abolitionists | people who want to abolish, do away with, slavery |
| morally | arising from the sense of right or wrong |
| violation | crime or infringement of the rules |
| Conestoga Wagon | wagon invented by Pennsylvania farmers for hauling goods long distances |
| democracy | government in which people take part |
| deprived | to have something taken away from |
| reform | change for the better |
| journalism | gathering, writing,and presentation of news in newspaper |
