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| Europe in the 1300s depended on spices from ____ | Asia |
| Spices such as ___, ___, and ___ were in great demand | pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg |
| Spices were used to _____ meat and in ____, ____, and ____ | to flavor and preserve meat, in perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine |
| The spice trade was controlled by _____ | Arab and Venetian merchants |
| Europeans, eager to reach quick fortunes with direct trade with Asians, began to ____ | look for quicker trades eastward |
| What 3 motivations played a part in European exploration? | merchants seeking a profitable trade with Asia, church leaders sought to expand Islam, and the learning and imagination carried over from the Renaissance |
| What did overseas voyages do for Europe? | set it pn the path of worldwide expansion and prepare the way for the rise of the world's first global age |
| Open-water sailing required____, ____, and _____. | sailors to be trained in navigation, accurate maps, and oceangoing ships |
| Ancient navigators used _____ to determine their position sailed _____. | landmarks; near the coast |
| Later sailors used _______ to determine their position. | position of stars and sun |
| _____ told sailors how long they had traveled. | Hourglasses |
| What did the compass allow sailors to do and who developed it? | determine geographical direction; the Chinese |
| By 1100, sailors used the _____, perfected by the ____ to determine the altitude of the sun and other heavenly bodies. | astrolabe |
| What are cartographers? | mapmakers |
| The maps of _____ gave Europeans a new picture of the world. | Ptomely |
| Ptomely introduced the ____. | grid system |
| A European ship called a _____ incorporated all of the ship improvements. | caravel |
| What 3 modifications improved Europeans ships? | triangle-shaped latten sails; moving the rudder from side to stern; used multiple masts with larger sails instead of 1 large mast |
| The caravel allowed explores to go into shallow inlets to make repairs because | it drew little water |
| The caravels also carried_____ | new weapons-rifles and cannons |
| _____ was the first European country to search the Atlantic for spices and gold. | Portugal |
| _____ was the son of King John I of Portugal. | Prince Henry the Navigator |
| Prince Henry the Navigator brought together ______, ____, and _____ to study navigation. | mapmakers, mathematicians, astronomers |
| Who sponsored many Poutugese exploratory voyages westward into the Atlantic and southward down Africa's west coast. | Prince Henry the Navigator |
| Henry's exploreres discovered the ____, _____, and ____ which became the ______. | Azores, Madeira Islands, Cape Verde Islands |
| Prince Henry represented which country? | Portugal |
| Barthalomeu Dias found _____, which was later named _____. | the southern tip of Africa; Cape of Good Hope |
| Bartholomeu Dias represented ______ | Portugal |
| Bartholomeu Dias' efforts proved that | ships could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa |
| Vasco da Gama led for ships from ________ for ______. | Portugal; India |
| Vasco da Gama represented _____ | Portugal |
| Vasco da Gama landed at ____ on the southwest coast of _____ in 10 months. | Calicut; India |
| Da Gama unsuccessfully tried to persuade _______ | the ruler of Calicut and and Muslim merchants in India to trade with the Porugese. |
| Da Gma's 2 accomplishments include: | poineering a water route to India; providing a glimpse of riches that could come from direct rade with the East |
| Columbus represented _____ and his sponsors were _____ and _____. | King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella |
| Christopher Columbus's plan was to _____. | reach India by sailing west across the Atlantic |
| On Columbus' first voyage, his crew became the first Europeans to set foot on _____. | the Bahamas |
| Columbus spend three mos. after his fist voyage exploring _______ and ________ in search of ______. | Hispaniola and Cuba; gold |
| When Columbus returned after his first voyage, he was given the title ______. | "Admirla of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of the Islands he hath discovered in the Indies." |
| ______ suggested in 1507 that Columbus had not discovered India, but rather ______. | Amerigo Vespucci; New World |
| In 1493 the pope drew ______. | a line of demarcation |
| A line of demarcation was ______ | an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic from the N. Pole to the S. Pole |
| ______ had all control west of the line of demarcation, while _____ controlled all lands east. | Spain; Portugal |
| In 1494 SPain and Portugal signed the ______. | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| The Treaty of Tordesillas was ______. | an agreement to move the line of demarcation farther west; it divided the entire unexplored world between just two powers-Spain and Portugal |
| Ferdinand Magellen represented ______. | Spain |
| Magellen wanted to find _______. | a Western route to Asia |
| Magellen reach a narrow water passageway near the ________, now called the _______. | tip of S. America; Strait of Magellan |
| On Magellan's voyage, one ship was _____ and another was ______. | shipwrecked; separated |
| Magellan renamed the South Sea _______. | Pacific Ocean |
| Magellan was killed in the ________ during a skirmish beween a local chief and his enemy. | Phillippines |
| Magellan's last ship, with only 18 survivors, sailed back to Spain and completed the first ______. | circumnavigation |
| circumnavigation is _____ | circling of the globe |
| Magellan's voyage proved what 3 things? | the world was round and large; oceans of the world were connected; the lands Columbus discovered were not part of Asia |
| Portugal's main interest lay in the countries of ____ and ____, and they were in search of _____, not _____ | Africa; Asia; trade; colonization |
| Pedro ALvares Cabral represented ______. | Portugal |
| Cabral's ships established _____ | Portuguese control of the I. Ocean |
| From the Spice Islands, the Portuguese established trading with ____ and ____. | Japan and China |
| Portugal colonized the areas of present-day _____. | Brazil |
| Settlers in Brazil grew income-producing crops such as ____, _____, _____, and _____. | sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton |
| A Spanish explorer is a ______. | conquistador |
| Hernando Cortes was guided by _______. | Malinche, a N.A. woman who learned Spanish |
| Cortes allied with local Aztec enemies and went toward _____. | Tenochtitlan |
| Montezuma II and the Aztecs thought Cortes was the god _______. | Quetzalcoatl |
| Cortes overthrew ____ and became the ruler of _____. | Montezuma II; Mexico |
| Francisco Pizarro represented ______. | Spain |
| Pizarro invoaded the ______ in present-day _____. | Inca Empire; Peru |
| ______ was the Incan ruler that won the throne from a brother. | Atahualpa |
| Pizarro eventually conuered the _______ in _____. | Inca territory in S. America |
| By the 1600's, Spain's Empire included what three places? | part of N. America, part of S. America, West Indies |
| Spanish monarchs named ____ to rule local provinces with the adivice of ______ of Spanish settlers. | viceroys; councils |
| Viceroys were _____. | royal representatives from Spain |
| What were Spain's two goals for its empire? | to acquire wealth and to convert N.Americans to Christianity |
| Spain set up ____ , _____, and _____ in its empire. | plantations for sugarcane; mines for gold and silver; missions where N.A lived and adopted European ways |
| What system allowed landowners to use N. American labor? | encomienda system |
| _____ tried to protect the N. Americans. | Bartolome de Las Casas |
| ______ was the world's largest commercial city. | Amsterdam |
| The Dutch created the _____ to expand their trade and ensure close relationships between the gov. and enterprises in Asia | Dutch East India Company |
| Dutch East India Company had headquarters on at _____ on the island of ____ in present-day ______. | Batavia; Java; Indonesia |
| Henry Hudson represented the _____. | Dutch |
| The Dutch East India Company founded _____ on ______ at the mouth of the ______. | New Amsterdam; Manhatten Island; Hudson River |
| Dutch farmers known as | Boers |
| Boers settled the ______ to provide ______ and _____ for sailing ships. | Cape of Good Hope; water; food |
| French sought quick profits from _______. | trade |
| For the English, colonies provided | raw materials like lumber, sugarcane, rice, and wheat |
| Giovanni da Verrazano represented _____. | France |
| Giovanni was expected to | find a Northwest Passge through America to Asia, but was unsuccessful. |
| Jacques Cartier represented | France |
| Cartier claimed much of _____ for France. | Eastern Cnada |
| Cartier landed in the city of ____. | Montreal |
| Samuel de Champlain sailed for _______. | France |
| Champlain founded the city of ______. | Quebec |
| ______ was the first permanent French settlement in the Americas. | Quebec |
| Jacques Marquette and Lous Joliet explored the | Mississippi Valley |
| Robert Cavelier was later known as | Sieur de Las Salle |
| Cavelier claimed _____ for France. | region surrounding Mississippi River |
| John Cabot represented | England |
| Cabot explored the coast of | Newfoundland |
| ______ was the earliest English settlement in N. America. | Jamestown |
| Devout Protestants, or pilgrims, established _______ in present-day _____. | Plymouth; Massachusetts |
| The pilgrims developed a set of rules called the | Mayflower Compact |
| The English in N. America were largely self-governed, basing their gov. on the | English Parliament |
| ______ was the leading power in N. America. | England |
| The slave trade was part of the | triangular trade |
| The triangular trade was formed by | Europe, Africa, and the Americans |
| The slaves' journey from Africa to America was called | the Middle Passage |
| After reaching America, slaves went through the | slave auction |
| _______ tried to resist the slave trade. | Alffonso I |
| Alffonso I was a ruler of | Kongo in Central Africa |
| The most successful slave uprising occurred in | Saint Domingue |
| the economic changes of Europe was known as the | Commecial Revolution |
| Merchants first turned to _____ to finance their adventures. | bankers |
| The Medici and Fuggers families were | bankers |
| Banking families were replaced by | government-chartered banks |
| Individual merchants who wanted to invest in exploration raised money through | joint-stock companies |
| joint-stock companies are | organizations that sold stock, or shares, enabling investors to share profits and risks of a trading voyage |
| Some joint-stock companies became rich through | government support |
| The flow of gold and silver into Europe caused | inflation |
| individuals that combined money, ideas, raw materials, and labor for profits were called | entrepreneurs |
| Entrepreneur profits were used to | expand the business and develp new ventures |
| In the 1600s the greatest increase in trade was in | countries on the Atlantic coast-Portugal, Spain, England, and Netherlands |
| mercantilism was | a new theory of national economic policy |
| The theory of mercantilism stated that | a state's power depends on its wealth. |
| Europeans belived the measure of a nation's wealth was the amt. of _____ it owned. | bullion |
| Bullion was | the amt. of sliver and gold |
| Nations sought out, in trade, a | balance of trade |
| A balance of trade was reached when | a natinon exported more goods than they imported |
| To increase wealth, governments sold | monopolies. |
| Monopolies gave the | right to operate free of local competition |
| Governments also set _____ on imported goods. | tariffs |
| tariffs were like | taxes |
| Tariffs protected ______ from _______. | local industries form foreign competitors |
| The reason for colonies was to | make the parent country self-sufficient |
| Entrepreneurs liked to socialize in | coffeehouses |
| What was the purpose of the Columbian Exchange? | to transfer products from continent to continent |
| What did the Columbian Exchange impact? | daily life throughout the world |
| New global trading links increased | the movement of people and cultures from continent to continent |
