| A | B |
|---|
| Language typology | study of how the world's languages are classified by their structural characteristics |
| typology info | different structural characteristics equal different types |
| Typological categories | don't have correspondence necessarily with origin of language |
| Language universals | Basic principals that govern the structure of all languages |
| Language univerals info | Properies shared by all languages |
| Linguistic impossibilities | things that simply do not occur in any human language |
| Why study univerals? | Understanding cognitive nature of human brain and help us understand brain and priniciples that govern interpersonal communication in all cultures |
| Semantic universals | basic color terms, kinship terms, pronouns 1,2,3 and superordinates like fruit and animal |
| Phonological universals vowels | Vowels that exist in all languages, high front unrounded, low vowel, high back rounded and unrounded iau |
| Phonological universals consonants | At least of of the 3 voiceless stops, kpt, No language has voiced stops without voiceless, language without stop will have fricative |
| Syntatical universals | Most languages follow a canonical word order, All lang express grammatical relation between s,v,o although not in that order, |
| Syntax universals | Possessor NP precedes possesed NP in verb-final languages, Poss NP follows poss NP in verb initital langugeas, prep with verb intitial lang, postpositions in verb-final |
| Relative clauses | Usually NP modifiers, RL afer head noun in verb initial, before in verb final (these are tendances and NOT absolutes |
| Relativization Hierarchy | Subject<DO<IO<O<P implicational hierarchy - one implies the other |
| Absolute universals | All languages have x,y,z |
| Universal tendencies | All languages are likely to have x,y,z |
| Implicational universals | if a lang has x it must have y |
| Nonimplicational universals | most lang have x |
