| A | B |
|---|
| the separation of sensory information into important features | sensory analysis |
| visual sensations caused by mechanical excitation of the retina | phosphenes |
| incoming flow of information | sensation |
| the minimum amount of energy necessary for a sensation to occur | absolute threshold |
| resistance to perceiving threatening or disturbing stimuli | perceptual defense |
| the amount of change needed to produce a just noticable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the original stimuli | Weber's Law |
| electromagnetic energies to which the eyes respond | visible spectrum |
| light-sensitive cells | photoreceptors |
| enlarge to allow light through the pupil | dilate |
| narrow to restrict light through the pupil | constrict |
| unable to detect colors and more sensitive than cones | rods |
| produce color sensations and pick up fine details | cones |
| a small cup-shaped area in the middle of the retina | fovea |
| there are three types of cones, each most sensitive to either red, green, or blue | trichromatic theory |
| states that vision analyzes colors into "either-or" messages | opponent-process theory |
| not able to perceive colors | color-blind |
| as pitch rises, nerve impulses of the same frequency are fed into the auditory nerve | frequency theory |
| states that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea | place theory |
| occurs when there is poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear | conduction deafness |
| results from damage to the hair cells or auditory nerve | nerve deafness |
| chemicals produce odors when part of a molecule matches | lock and key theory |
| receptors in muscles and joints that detect body position and movement | kinesthetic senses |
| receptors for balance, gravity, and acceleration | vestibular senses |
| suggests that pain messages from different nerve fibers pass through the same neural "gate" in the spinal cord | gate control theory |
| the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in the shape of its retinal image | shape constancy |
| nearness, similarity, continuation or continuity, closure, contiguity, common region | Gestalt principles |
| initial guess about how to organize sensations | perceptual hypothesis |
| the ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances | depth perception |
| features of the environment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space; one eye | monocular depth cues |
| features of the environment and messages from the body that supple information about distance and space; two eyes | binocular depth cues |
| the bending of the lens that occurs when eye focuses on nearby objects | accommodation |
| when your eyes must turn in to focus on the close up object | convergence |
| features found in paintings, drawings, and photographs that impart information about space, depth, and distance such as linear perspective, relative size, height in the picture plane, light and shadow, overlap, texture gradients, aerial perspective, relative motion | pictoral depth cues |
| a discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes | retinal disparity |
| the horizon seems more distant than the night sky | apparent distance hypothesis |
| prepares us to receive information for a stimulus | orientation response (OR) |
| analyzing information starting at the "bottom" with small sensory units (features) | bottom-up processing |
| pre-existing knowledge is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole | top-down processing |
| prepares you to perceive in a certain way | perceptual expectancy |
