| A | B |
|---|
| population change | calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population from the number entering the population |
| population change equation | (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) |
| zero population growth | when entering population = leaving population |
| crude birth rate | number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year |
| crude death rate | number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year |
| emigration | people leaving an area |
| immigration | people entering an area |
| replacement level fertility | number of children a couple must have to replace themselves |
| total fertility rate | estimate of the average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years |
| factors that affect birth and fertility rates | education, affluence, urbanization, employment opportunities, age at marriage |
| factors affecting death rates | increased food supplies, higher living standards, better nutrition, advancements in medicine |
| life expectancy | average number of years a newborn infanct can expect to live |
| infant mortality rate | number of babies out of every 1,000 born wach year that die within a year |
| age structure | proportion of the population at each age level, usually divided by gender |
| demographic transition | hypothesis of population change |
| preindustrial stage | high birth and death rates; little population growth |
| transitional stage | industrialization begins; death rates drop while birth rates remain high |
| industrial stage | birth rates drop and nears death rate |
| postindustrial stage | birth rate decreases and equals death rate; zero population growth |
| examples of countries in transitional stage | Asia, Africa, and Latin America |
| example of a country in the industrial stage | United States |
| example of countries in postidustrial stage | Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary |
| ways to reduce births | economic rewards and penalties; empowering women |
| China | example of a country that has had success in reducing birth rate |
| India | example of a country that has failed miserably at reducing birth rate |
