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Chapter 10, Blood and Immunity; Key Terms

AB
albuminA simple protein found in blood plasma
antibodyA protein produced in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen
antigenA substance that induces the formation of antibodies
B cellA lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies; B lymphocyte
coagulationThe process of clot formation
electrolyteA substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Also refers to ions in body fluids
erythrocyteA red blood cell
fibrinThe protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
fibrinogenThe inactive precursor of fibrin
formed elementsThe cellular components of blood
hemoglobinThe iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
hemostasisThe stoppage of bleeding
immunityThe state of being protected against a specific disease
leukocyteA white blood cell
lymphocyteA lymphatic cell; a type of agranular leukocyte
phagocytosisThe engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
plasmaThe liquid portion of the blood
plateletA formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte
serumThe fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors
T cellA lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly; T lymphocyte
thrombocyteA blood platelet
allergenA substance that causes an allergic response
allergyHypersensititvity
anaphylactic reactionAn exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance
anemiaA decrease in the number or size of red blood cells or int the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. May result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes.
aplastic anemiaAnemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially that of red cells.
autoimmune disorderA condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual's own tissues
ecchymosisA collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
hemolysisThe rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
hemophiliaA hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
Hodgkin's diseaseA neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
hypersensitivityAn immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy
immunodeficiencyA congenital or acquired failure in the immune system to protect against disease
leukemiaMalignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells. May be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous leukemia( or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia)
lymphadenopathyAny disease of the lymph nodes
lymphomaAny malignant disease of lymphoid tissue, such as Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's disease, and others.
multiple myelomaA tumor of the blood forming tissue in bone marrow
pernicious anemiaAnemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the abosrption of vitamin B12
petechiaePinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane
purpuraA condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues.
sickle cell anemiaA hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, Red blood cells become sickle-shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in Mediterranean and African populations.
splenomegalyenlargement of the spleen
thrombocytopeniaA deficiency of thrombocytes in the blood
urticariaA skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions with itching; hives
band cellAn immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band. Also called a stab or staff cell.
intrinsic factorA substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells
reticulocyteAn immature red blood cell; counts are useful in diagnosis
agglutinationThe clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies
bilirubinA pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile.
complementA group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibody to destroy foreign cells
corpuscleA small mass or body. A blood corpuscle is a blood cell.
gamma globulinThe fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies
heparinA substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
immunoglobulinAn antibody. Immunoglobulins fall into 5 classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter; IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.
macrophageA phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte, usually found within the tissues. Macrophages work with T cells in immunity
megakaryocyteA large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
plasminAn enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
thrombinThe enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
stem cellA primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells.
agranulocytosisA conditon involving decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
erythrocytosisIncrease in the number of red cells in the blood
hematomaA localized collecton of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
hemosiderosisA condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment mainly in the liver and the speen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells.
lymphocytosisAn increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. Usually a result of infection.
neutropeniaA decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy.
pancytopeniaA decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia.
electrophoresisSeparation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field. Used to separate components of blood.
monoclonal antibodyA pure antibody produced in the laboratory, used for diagnosis and treatment.
pHA scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution.
adrenalineA powerful stimulant naturally produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activiates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called epinephrine.
antihistamineA drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions.
apheresisA pprocedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor,. Apheresis may be used as a suffix with a root meaning the fraction retained, such a plasmapheresis, leukapheresis.
autologous bloodA person's own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed.
cryoprecipitateA sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors.
desensitizationTreatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact.
immunosuppressionDepression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease, but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation.


Jeani Keogh

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