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Chapter 8, Drugs

The major categories of drugs and how they act

AB
instillation liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the conjuctiva of the eye.
intradermalinjected into the skin
intramuscularinjected into a muscle
intrathecalinjected into the meninges around the spinal cord
oralgiven by mouth (per os)
parenteraladministered by other than oral route, specifically by injection
rectaladministered by rectal suppository or enema
subcutaneousinjected beneath the skin; hypodermic
sublingualadministered under the tongue
topicalapplied to the surface of the skin
transdermalabsorbed through the skin
aerosolsolution dispersed as a mist to be inhaled
aqueous solutionsubstance dissolved in water
elixera clear, pleasantly flavored and sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquid
emulsiona mixture in which one liquid is dispersed but not dissolved in another liquid
linimentmixture in oil, soap solution, or other liquid intended for external application
lotionsolution prepared for topical use
ointmentdrug in a base that keeps it in contact with the skin
suspensionfine particles dispersed in a liquid; must be shaken before use
tincturesubstance dissolved in an alcoholic solution
capsulematerial in a gelatin container that dissolves easily in the stomach
suppositorysubstance mixed and molded with a base that melts easily when inserted into a body opening
tableta solid dosage form containing a drug in a pure state or mixed with a non-active ingredient and prepared by compression or molding; AKA, a pill
ampulea small sealed glass or plastic container used for sterile intravenous solutions
bolusa concentrated amount of a diagnostic or therapeutic substance given rapidly IV
cathetera thin tube that can be passed into a body cavity, organ, or vessel
syringean instrument for injecting fluid
viala small glass or plastic container
antagonista substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
contraindicationa factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
efficacythe power to produce a specific result;effectiveness
generic namethe nonproprietary name of a drug; usually a simplified version of the chemical name. Not capitalized
potentiationincreased potency created by two drugs acting together
prescriptionwritten and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration
side effectan undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy
synergycombined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism
trade namethe brand name of a drug, a registered trademark of the manufaturer. Written with a capital letter.


Jeani Keogh

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