| A | B |
|---|
| THE NORTH | An urban society -- people held jobs |
| THE SOUTH | An agricultural society - people lived in small villages and on farms and plantations. |
| A MAJOR NORTH - SOUTH CONFLICT | States' rights vs strong central government |
| TARRIFS | A tax on imports - Protected factory owners and workers from foreign competition - favored by North, opposed by South |
| SOUTH'S VIEW ON THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT | They believed that states had the power to declare any national law illegal |
| NORTH'S VIEW OF THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT | They believed that the national government's power was supreme over that of the states. |
| NORTH'S VIEW OF SLAVERY | They believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons |
| SOUTH'S VIEW OF SLAVERY | They believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region's economy |
| MISSOURI COMPOMISE | Resulted in Missouri becoming a slave state; Maine, a free state |
| COMPROMISE OF 1850 | Resulted in California becoming a free state. Southwest territories would decide about slavery themselves |
| KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT | Result - People would decide the slavery issue -"popular sovereignty". |
| MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820); COMPROMISE OF 1850; KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT | Three compromises attempting to solve differences between the North and South |
| RESULT OF LINCOLN'S ELECTION | Southern states seceded from the Union |
| Marked the beginning of the Civil War | Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina |
| ABRAHAM LINCOLN | He issued the Emancipation Proclamation --Determined to preserve the Union by force if necessary |
| GETTYSBURG ADDRESS | Lincoln wrote that the Civil War was to preserve a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." |
| JEFFERSON DAVIS | President of the Confederacy |
| ULYSSES S. GRANT | General of the Union Army --defeated Lee |
| ROBERT E. LEE | Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia; He opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force |
| THOMAS "STONEWALL" JACKSON | A skilled Confederate general from Virginia |
| FREDERICK DOUGLASS | A former slave who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist |
| THE FIRING ON FORT SUMPTER, SC | Event that began the Civil War |
| FIRST BATTLE OF MANASSAS (BULL RUN) | The first major battle of the Civil War |
| EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION | Made "freeing the slaves" the new focus of the war |
| The Battle of Vicksburg | This battle divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River |
| GETTYSBURG | Battle for control of the high ground. The turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee's invasion |
| Appomattox Court House | Lee's surrender to Grant in 1865 ended the war |
| Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans | The Union blockaded southern ports here |
| Vicksburg | Battle for control of the Mississippi River |
| Richmond; Washington, D.C | Confederate and Union capitals -Battles here were struggles to capture capital cities |
| Clara Barton | A Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross |
| Women | They were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South |
| Confederate money | It became worthless after the collapse of the Confederacy |
| African Americans | They fought in both the Confederate and Union armies |
| Robert Smalls | A sailor and later a Union naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War. |
| 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments | These addressed the issues of slavery and guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens |
| 13th Amendment | Banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories |
| 14th Amendment | Granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guaranteed them equal protection under the law |
| 15th Amendment | Ensured all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude |
| Reconstruction policies | Harsh policies toward the South-- created problems in the South. |
| Northern carpetbaggers | Took advantage of the South during Reconstruction--Southerners resented them |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | African Americans gained equal rights -authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | gave free public land in the western |
| Invented mechanical reaper | Cyrus McCormick |
| Invented the light bulb | Thomas Edison |
| Invented the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell |
| Invented the airplane | Wright Brothers |
| Created Assembly Line | Henry Ford |
| Steel industry | Andrew Carnegie |
| Oil industry | John D. Rockefeller |
| railroad industry | Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| Helped to build Transcontinental Railroad | Chinese |
| Statue of Liberty | First view of American for immigrants |
| Ellis Island | Center of imigration in the US on East Coast |
| Public Schools | Served to aid in assimilation of immigrants |
| Finance; banking | J. P. Morgan |
| laissez-faire | hands off policy |
| First subway built | New York City |
| Immigration Restriction Act of | restricted immigration |
| melting pot | term used to describe America because of all the immigration |
| freedom; better lives for family | reasons for immigrates coming to America |
| immigrants | valuable contributions and major supplier of labor |
| George Washington | presided over the Constitutional Convention |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution |
| George Mason | wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights |
| Articles of Confederation | lacked the power to tax and regulate interstate commerce |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom |
| 3/5 Compromise | resolved the issue of slavery; 3/5 of slaves counted for taxation & representation |
| The Virginia Plan | favored by large states |
| The New Jersey Plan | favored by small states |
| bicameral | two house Congress |
| unicameral | one house Congress |
| House of Representatives | lower house; representation based on population |
| Senate | upper house: equal representation |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments of the Constitution |
| Supremacy Clause | the Constitution is the supreme law of the land |
| Federalists | favored a strong national government |
| Anti-Federalists | against the Constitution |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | defensive alliance among the United States & western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion |
| Warsaw Pact | Soviet allies in Eastern Europe formed this in response to NATO |
| Cold War | Icy rivalry between US and Soviet Union |
| massive retaliation | policy adopted by America under Eisenhower to deter any nuclear stike |
| Korean War | ended in a stalemate |
| President John F. Kennedy | began build up of troops in Vietnam |
| President Johnson | buildup of troops escalated or intensified |
| college campuses | opposition to the Vietnam War occurred here |
| President Nixon | Vietnamization |
| Vietnamization | withdrawing American troops in Vietnam |
| Impact of the Cold War at home | Americans encouraged to build bomb shelters & school children had duck and cover drills |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | convicted and put to death for spying |
| Alger Hiss | charged with spying for the Soviet Union |
| McCarthyism | making of false accusations based on rumor of guilt by association |
| Senator Joseph McCarthy | played on American fears of communism by accusing American governmental officials of being communists |
| Cold War benefits Virginia's economy | large naval and air bases, home to Pentagon, and many private companies contracted with military |
| John Glenn | first American to orbit the Earth |
| Neil Armstrong | That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind |
| President Kennedy's speech | "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. |
| glasnost | openness |
| perestroika | economic restructuring |
| Ronald Reagan | Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall |
| Lewis and Clark | explored the Louisiana Territory for Thomas Jefferson |
| Federalists | led by Adams and Hamilton |
| Democratic-Republicans | led by Thomas Jefferson |
| George Washington | First President who was unanimously chosen by the Convention delegates |
| Election of 1800 | resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr |
| Monroe Doctrine | landmark foreign policy prohibiting further colonization in the Western Hemisphere |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice in the Marbury and McCulloch cases |
| James Madison | Secretary of State under Jefferson in the Marbury case |
| Judicial Review | the right of the Court to declare a law passed by Congress unconstitutional |
| Marbury v. Madison | set the precedent for Judicial Review |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | prohibited the states from taxing any federal agency |
| Oregon Territory | Britain gave this up at the end of the War of 1812 |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that America should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
| Leader of the Texan forces in war with Mexico | Sam Houston |
| forced March of Cherokee Indians | Trail of Tears |
| was a part of Mexico and then became its own country | Texas |
| president's power to say no to a bill passed by Congress | veto |
| famous battle in the war between Texas and Mexico | Alamo |
| leader of the Mexican forces in war with Texas | Santa Anna |
| land gained in the Mexican-American War | Mexican Cession |
| Franklin Roosevelt | introduced the New Deal program to America that offered relief to individuals |
| Herbert Hoover | feared that Americans would become too dependent on the federal government |
| Foreclosures | many farmers lost their farms due to this legal process |
| overspeculating | many people were doing when buying stocks because they believed the value would increase |
| Federal Reserve Board | this institution lowered interest rates but did little to prevent the banking system from collapsing |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | introduced under Hoover but did little to help |
| FDIC | one of Roosevelt's alphabet agencies that protects and insures bank deposits |
| Works Progress Administration | provided immediate relief by providing some Americans with jobs |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | another of Roosevelt's alphabet agencies designed to help farmers |
| Social Security Act | provides retirement funds after a certain age |
| Dust Bowl | period in American history that swept the Plains and Midwest because of drought and land deterioration |
| Black Blizzards | name given to the great dust storms of the 1930s |
| Stock Market Crash | happened in 1929 when the "bottom fell out" of the stock market |
| Smoot Hawley Tariff | protective tariff to protect American business |
| George Washington | Chairman of the Constitutional Convention |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution |
| James Madison | Author of the Virginia Plan |
| Federalists | favored a strong national government |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution |
| George Mason | wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Statute for Religious Freedom |
| Statute For Religious Freedom | outlawed the established church |
| Judicial branch | This branch of govenment interprets the laws |
| Legislative branch | this branch of government makes the laws |
| Executive branch | branch of government that carries out the laws |
| Articles of Confederation | provided for a weak national government |
| Great Compromise | agreement to have two house Congress where representation for big states and small states was balanced |
| Land Ordinance | plan for surveying public land west of the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River |
| Northwest Ordinance | plan for dividing land into territories and admitting new states into the Union |
| Shays Rebellion | Final blow to the Articles of Confederation |
| Anti Federalists | opposed the Constitution and a strong federal government |
| pink collar | What is the term to describe low prestige, low paying jobs that many women are forced to work? |
| affordable day care | What is one of the most important issues for working mothers in America today? |
| telecommuting | What is it called when a person works for a business out of their home? |
| Sally Ride | Who was the first American woman to travel into space as an astronaut? |
| increasing number | What is the situation with women in the workforce in the US today? |
| courts | What avenue have women used most to gain opportunities in the work place? |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | Who was the first female justice named to the US Supreme Court? |
| long distance learning | What is one of the new types of learning made possible by technology? |
| Dr. Jonas Salk | Who first developed the vaccine for the disease polio? |
| glass ceiling | What term is used to describe the situation where career advancement for women is not equal to that of men? |
| George Washington | Chairman of the Constitutional Convention |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution |
| James Madison | Author of the Virginia Plan |
| Federalists | favored a strong national government |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution |
| George Mason | wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Statute for Religious Freedom |
| Statute For Religious Freedom | outlawed the established church |
| Judicial branch | This branch of govenment interprets the laws |
| Legislative branch | this branch of government makes the laws |
| Executive branch | branch of government that carries out the laws |
| Articles of Confederation | provided for a weak national government |
| Great Compromise | agreement to have two house Congress where representation for big states and small states was balanced |
| Land Ordinance | plan for surveying public land west of the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River |
| Northwest Ordinance | plan for dividing land into territories and admitting new states into the Union |
| Shays Rebellion | Final blow to the Articles of Confederation |
| Anti Federalists | opposed the Constitution and a strong federal government |
| glasnost | openness |
| perestroika | economic restructuring |
| Ronald Reagan | Quote:Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall |
| Warsaw Pact | Eastern European allies response to NATO |
| John F. Kennedy | quote: Ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country |
| President Kennedy | assassinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas |
| Neil Armstrong | quote: One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind. |
| Vietnamization | Nixon's plan to bring troops home from Vietnam |
| Fidel Castro | leader of Cuba |
| John Glenn | first American to orbit Earth |
| McCarthyism | making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | convicted of espionage |
| Korean War | ended in a stalemate |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | defense alliance |
| Marshall Plan | economic aid to rebuild European economies & prevent communism from spreading |
| Truman Doctrine | military aid |
| United Nations | formed to prevent future wars |
| Germany | partitioned after WWII |
| Cold War | rivalry between US and Soviet Union |
| bomb shelters | built in American homes as protection in the event of a nuclear attack |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | first woman to serve on the United States Supreme Court |
| Sally Ride | first female astronaut in the United States |
| glass ceiling | perception that career advancement for women is not equal to men |
| pink collar | low prestige, low-paying jobs for women |
| Brown v. Board of Education | overturned a lower court ruling & established a precedent by declaring separate but equal facilities unconstitutional |
| Thurgood Marshall | served on legal defense team for the NAACP in Brown v.Board of Education |
| Germany | country divided into 4 zones following World War II |
| Marshall Plan | economic recovery initiative that provided grants and loans to war-torn European countries following WWII |
| United Nations | peace organization established in 1945 |
| containment | Cold War foreign policy to stop communist aggression into other countries |
| Bay of Pigs | US invasion of Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro |
| Virginia | state whose economy benefited from the Cold War |
