| A | B |
|---|
| segregation | separation of people based on racial,religious,social differance |
| Gadsden Purchase | Land purchased from Mexico to allow construction of the southern pacific railroad |
| popular sovereignty | allowed settlers to decide to have slavery or not |
| Kansas-Nebraska Bill | Law that questioned slavery in the Nebraska Territory which created Kansas and Nebraska |
| Ostend Manifesto | secret proposal that said the US should take cuba from spain by force |
| free soiler | Person who went to kansas to vote against slavery |
| Pottawatomie Massacre | murder of 5 people by John Brown in revenge of pro slavery attack |
| guerrillas | fighter who commits sabotage or surprise attacks |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | fighting in Kansas between pro and anti slavery |
| Republican Party | political party who were against slavery |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | where a former slave who sued for his freedom even though he was in a free state |
| void | law no longer in force |
| Lecompton Constitution | constitution that would have allowed slavery in kansas |
| Freeport Doctrine | statement that people should have the power to decide if slavery should exist |
| Harpers Ferry | site of government arsenal raided by John Brown |
| Homestead Act | Law that granted free land to farmers to cultivate the land for a period of time |
| border states | states that held slaves but didn't leave the union during the civil war |
| Constitutional Unionist party | party that ignored slavery issues in hopes of preserving the union |
| states'rights | doctrine that says that the states have ultimate power |
| southern regionalism | loyalty to the south,way of life and values |
| Fort Sumter | fort in Charleston SC harbor where attack by southern forces started the war |
| confederacy | Alliance of independant states |
| Confederate States of America | Association of 11 independant southern states formed after their secession from the Union |
| Civil War | conflict between Union & Confederacy states over the issue of slavery and states rights |
| Bull run | site in virginia of the first battle - Confederate victory |
| Army of Potomac | Union Army near Washington DC |
| Battle of Seven Pines | Clash where Confederate Johnson was wounded and succeeded by Lee |
| Army of Northern Virginia | Confederate Army commanded by Robert Lee |
| Seven Days Before Richmond | battles where McClellan's union forces failed to take Richmond |
| mechanical reaper | Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick to harvest wheat |
| inflation | Rise in prices resulting from an increase in the amount of money |
| Copperheads | Northerner who opposed the war |
| blockade runners | small fast ship |
| cotton diplomacy | Belief that England and France would support the Confederacy to insure their supply of cotton |
| conscript | To draft people by law to serve as soldiers |
| contrabands | Slave who crossed Union Lines |
| Second Battle of Bull Run | Confederate victory in N. Virgina that proceeds Lee's invasion of Maryland |
| Battle of Antietam | Bloody Civil War clash that caused Confederate troops to withdrawl from Maryland |
| emancipate | to free |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Decree issued by Lincoln freeing slaves in the south |
| Battle of Fredericksburg | Victory by confederate forces under Lee that left 12,000 Union soldiers dead |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Defeat of Lee invasion of the North |
| Gettysburg Address | Speech by President Lincoln-classic expression of American democrat ideals |
| Battle of Chancellorsville | Confederate victory in which Stonewall Jackson was killed |
| Fort Henry | Confederate fort in Tennessee captured by Grant |
| Fort Donelson | Confederate fort in Tennessee taken by Grant after his capture of Fort Henry |
| Battle of Shiloh | Union victory in Mississippi |
| Siege of Vicksburg | Union attack led by Grant on a key port in the Mississippi River |
| Port Hudson | Mississippi River stronghold in Lousianna captured by the Union to split the Confederacy in Two |
| Chattanooga | Railway center in Tennessee around which several Civil War battles were fought |
| Battle of the Wilderness | Clash of Lee and Grant in the forests S.W. Washigton DC-heavy losses both sides |
| Spotsylvania Court House | Bloody clash between Grant and Lee |
| Battle of Cold Harbor | Last Major victory for Lee and 3rd clash against Union forces led by Grant |
| Petersburg | Town in Virginia where Grants Army had 9 month attack against Lee |
| Atlanta | Major city in Georgia that was captured and burned to the ground by Sherman |
| Savannah | City in Georgia captured by Sherman |
| total war | destruction of resources of the enemy's civilian population and army |
| Appomattox Court House | Virginia Town where Lee surrendered to Grant ending the Civil War |
| Great Plains | reigion that extended from Western Texas-the Dakotas-into Canada and west to the foothills if the Rockies |
| Great American Desert | nickname of the great plains by earl explorers |
| Apache and comanche | Indians that lived in Texas and New Mexico |
| Pawnee | tribe that lived in western Nebraska |
| Sioux | Tribe in the Dakotas |
| Cheyenne and Arapaho | tribes of the Central Great Plain |
| concentration | System separating the Indians and putting them on resevartions |
| divide and conquer | strategy to weaken an opponent by scattering it's forces |
| Pacific Railway act | Law allowing the contruction of a railroad from Nebraska to the Pacific coast |
| right of way | strip of land granted to the railroad companies laying track. |
| Promontory | Utah city where union pacific & Central pacific met to complete the first american transcontinental railroad |
| transcontinental railroads | railway that extends across North America from coast to coast |
| fifty-niners | nicknamefor a prospector who went to Colorado in search of gold |
| Chivingtin Massacre/sand creek attack | slaughter of the Cheyenne that started indian attacks on settlers- |
| Wasita | Site in oklahoma where Arapaho and Cheyenne were defeated by U.S. Army |
| Bozeman Trail | route across the great plains marked by John M. Bozeman |
| ambush | trap or suprise attack |
| Battle of little Bighorn | Custer's last fight |
| Nez Perce | Tribe from western Idaho who moved to reservation in oklahoma |
| Wounded Knee | site in south dakota where sioux families were killed by U.S. troups |
| assayed | test or analyze fro content |
| bonaza | Rich deposit of ore |
| Comstock Lode | rich silver deposit in Nevada |
| Virginia City | Nevada Mining boom town |
| Boom Town | town that grows suddenly near a gold or silver strike |
| vigilance committees | group of volunteers organized to keep watch over town |
| vigilantes | volunteer crime fighter |
| cattle kingdom | Grassland of the High Plains that streched from Texas to Canada and from the Rockies to eastern Kansas |
| Texas longhorns | Cattle with long wide horns that grazed in Texas |
| Abilene | Kansas Metting place fro western Cattle ranchers and eastern buyers |
| Chisholm Trail | main route where texans drove cattle to market |
| Chicago | Illinois City that is a major railway and meat packing |
| cattle towns | Western town where cattle were bougth and sold |
| long drive | 2 month journey that brougth cattle from texas to the railroad |
| open range | Goernment owned grazing land used by ranchers to feed their herds |
| range rights | claim in dry area ti the water of a stream which allowed controll of the lands around it |
| cattle baron | rich and powerfull cattle rancher |
| round up | bringing together cattle scattered over the open range |
| brand | mark burned on cattle to show ownership |
| Dodge City | Kansas cattle town famous as a rowdy entertainment center for cowboys |
| boot hills | cemetery for cowboys who dided with their boots on |
| sod houses | houses made of chunks of grassy soil built by the pioneers of the great plains |
| dry farming | technique used to raise crops in area with little rainfall |
| droughts | long period of dry weather that stops crop growth |
| breadbasket of America | Name fro the wheat growing region of the Great Plains |
| Solid South | Term applied to southern states who supported the democratic party after the war |
| close states | equall in both politcal parties |
| Native son | candidate in a key state who hope to carry that state in a election |
| political machines | big city bosses who won elections by controlling poor & immigrant voters |
| Tammany Hall | polital machine run by NY City Demodrats |
| bosses | leader of politcal machine |
| franchises | right to do business granted by the government |
| kick backs | illeagal practice of getting back money for part of a job |
| sitting on the fence | polital term for not taking a strong stand on political issue |
| monetary policy | method of stimulating business activity by lowering interest rates on loans |
| green backs | paper money not exchangable for coins |
| hard money | coins or paper money that could be exchanged for silver or gold |
| deflation | decline in prices caused by decrease in money supply or spending |
| inflation | rise in prices resulting from an increase in the amount of money or decrease of the amount of goods available for sale |
| civil service reform | adopting employeement system based on skill and merrit rather than politics |
| merit system | to make government appointments and promotions on the basis of ability rather than politics |
| patronage | awarding of government positions to political supporters by office holders |
| Pendleton Act | law that created a civil service commision to administer exams for a applicants seeking government jobs |
| Civil Service Commission | agency that designed and administered exams for certain government positions |
| Age of realism | books and art that portrayed life and people as the really were |
| third party | politcal party competing against 2 major polital parties |
| mandate | wishes of the people to the canidate as an authorization to follow a campaign proposal |
| Crime of 1873 | law that discontinued the coining of silver |
| Bland-Allison Act | Law that autorize the purchase and coinage of from 2-4 million $ worth of silver each month |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | increase the amount of silver bought to 4.5 million ounces per month |
| free coinage | law requiring the mint to turn all silver into coins |
| Farmers alliance | social organization that became a polital force to represent farm interest |
| co-ops | group formed through the famers alliance to sell crops and purchase goods at better prices for members |
| Peoples's/populist Party | 3rd party that represented the farmers and labor unions |
| gold standard | gold would only be used to mint coins and to back bank notes |
| Coxey's Army | group of unemployeed workers led by Coxey, marched on washington to protest the plight of the unemployeed |
| Pullman strike | major railway work stoppage by worker of the Pullman Palace car company that resulted in a violent clash with federal troups |
| cross of gold speech | William Jennigs Bryan's appeal for the free coinage of silver that got him the populist parties nomination for president |
| railroad barons | person who made a lot of money through railroads |
| corporations | business owned by stock holders |
| stock certificates | paper that shows ownership of stock in corporation |
| board of directors | group that makes decisions for a corporation |
| limited liabilty | advantage of corporations- investors only risk the money they invest |
| partnership | organization of 2 or more people who share the profits and losses |
| Bessemer converter | Invention that made the mass production of steel possible |
| Mesabi Range | area in Minnesota where rich deposits of iron ore was found |
| smelt | to melt away impurities of ore to get metal |
| division of labor | seperation of manufacturing steps into specialized tasks |
| Drake's Folly | nickname for the first oil well |
| wildcatters | name for oil prospectors in the 1860s |
| black gold | another name for oil |
| telephone | Instument invented by Bell in 1876 thatb sends speech over distaces by turning sound into electrical current |
| quadruplex telegraph | Edisons first major invention-machine that could send 4 messages at the same time |
| phonograph | machine that reproduces sounds from tracingsmade on a cylinder or disk |
| electric light | invented by Thomas Edison that makes light by passing electricity through fine wire in a bulb |
| suspension bridges | bridge held up by cable or chains anchored on either side |
| skyscrapers | very tall building |
| department store | large store selling varity of goods arranged in different sections |
| chain stores | store that has many outlets in different areas |
| entrepreneurs | person that develops a business |
| rebates | illegal money returned to shippers by the railroads in the 1870s |
| monopoly | exclusive control of a product that results in fixed prices and elimates competition |
| pools | agreement between businesses to charge same rates and share markets |
| Standard Oil Company | 1870 business founded by j.D. rockefeller |
| trust | group of corporations formed to reduce competition |
| free enterprise | economic system where there is limited government control over business practices |
| specialization | concentration on the manufacture of a product |
| Knights of labor | union of skilled & unskilled workers |
| strikes | refusal of employees to work untill demands are met |
| haymarket bombing | 1886 Chicago strike in which a bomb exploded- |
| American Federation of labor | National labor union of skilled workers |
| bread and butter issues | concern of labor- higher wages.shorter hours and better working conditions |
| Homested Strike | violent 1892 AFL strike in Homestead |
| lockout | refusal by an emloyer to allow emplyees to come to work unless they agree to his terms |
| yellow-dog contracts | agreement signed by an employee stating that they will not join the union |
| blacklist | list of workers in unions who were denied employment |
| Gilded Age | period 1865-1900 marking growth in industry,consumer goods,corruption,greed,and materialism |
| Statue of Liberty | Statue given to the U.S. by France |
| ethnic neighborhoods | city community made up of immigrants from the same country |
| New Immigration | Immigration between 1880-1920s that brought millions of people from eastern and southern europe |
| literacy test | Proof of a person's ability to read and write required for voting |
| chinese exclusion act | law that barred chinese workers from coming to the U.S for 10 years |
| settlement houses | community center in urban neighborhoods |
| hull house | House founded by Jane Adams in 1889 |
| cable cars | Trolley car pulled by moving cable |
| electric trolley | street car system that moved by overhead electric wires |
| brooklyn bridge | Bridge from Manhattan to Brooklyn |
| assassination | murder of a public figure |
| Moderates | person who avoids extreme political views |
| amnesty | official pardon for crimes committed against the govenment |
| Radicals | person who likes sudden or extreme change |
| watershed | important turning point in history |
| freedmen | former slaves |
| Thirteenth Admendment | constitution amendment that abolished slavery |
| Black Codes | regulations passed by the southern governments to restrict the rights of african americans |
| reconstruction | process after the war to bring the southern states back into the union |
| Freedmen's Bureau | organization run by the army to protect southern blacks |
| veto | presdental power to reject bills passed by congress |
| override | constitional power to overrule a president |
| Fourteenth Amendment | amendment that made african americans citizens and equal protection of the laws |
| segregation | seperation of people based on color of skin,religion,and social differances |
| Reconstruction Act | 4 part measure thta ordered a military occupation of the south and gave african americans constitutional rights |
| impeachment | charge of wrong doing against a government official |
| Tenure of Office Act | prohibited the president from removing officials without the consent of congress |
| Fifteenth Admendment | admendment that allows all citizens to vote |
| Civil War Amendments | 3 amendments garanteeing civil rights to african americans |
| Black Republican | post cilvil war governments in the south |
| Carpetbaggers | northerner who went to the south after the war to profit from confused conditions |
| Scalawags | southern white republican party during reconstruction |
| sharecropping | system in which landowners provided laborers with supplies needed for farming in excahange for a part of the crops |
| lein | Claim on property as sercurity for a debt |
| crop-lien system | Agreement where supplies were lent to a farmer by merchants or land owners in exchange for part of the crops |
| world market | International demand for goods and services |
| Ku Klux Klan | secret organization that terrorized African Americans |
| Long Night | racial segregation after the war |
| poll tax | Fee charged for voting |
| literacy test | proof that somene could read and write requirement to vote |
| grandfather clause | law that allowed only white men to vote |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Law that prohibited segregation of public places |
| Jim Crow Law | any law that promoted segregation |
| Civil Right Cases | lawsuits concering the constitutional rights of black americans |
| separate-but-equal | argument that supported the legality of segregation in pblic schools |
| Tuskegee Institute | School for African Americans founded by Booker T Washington |
| Atlanta Compromise | Booker T Washington separate-but-equal Proposal |
| accommodation | going along with others |
