| A | B |
|---|
| Article I | the Constitution gives Congress the power to tax through this Article |
| churches and nonprofit groups | The Federal Gov't cannot levy taxes against these groups |
| income tax | this is an example of a progressive tax |
| 16th Amendment | this amendment gave Congress the power to raise taxes |
| payroll taxes | these are the taxes that are shown on your paycheck, which all employers and employees are required to pay |
| excise tax | a tax on the manufacture, sale and consumption of a good or service is called a/ an _____, which is also known as a sin, luxury, or duty tax |
| income taxes | the largest source of federal revenue comes from this kind of tax |
| deficit or debt | the Federal Government's practice of spending more than it makes results in |
| public policy | the most importatn aspect of the federal budget is the impact it has on ______ |
| regressive tax | also known as a flat tax, this type of tax is on gasoline |
| the President and the Congress | who is responsible for determining the federal budget |
| federal budget | this is a financial statement that provides a detailed estimate of what the government will spend |
| Office of Management and Budget | the President's agency that reviews his/her projected budget |
| Congress | this group provides the money on which the Federal Government depends |
| gerrymandering | redrawing electoral lines to limit the voting power of a certain population |
| off-year elections | Congressional elections in even years between Presidential elections is called |
| split-ticket voting | voting for candidates of different parties |
| New Jersey and Virginia | the two plans that significantly influenced the development of two houses in the legislative branch |
| continuous body | when all seats for an office are never up for election at the same time |
| two members from each state | Senate representation |
| session | the regular period of time during which Congress conducts its business |
| white, middle-aged men | typically, this group generally occupies the majority of seats in Congress |
| lawmaking function of Congress | this is how the public will beomes public policy |
| fair and equal representation of the States | reason why the Framers of the Constitution favored bicameralism |
| divide the workload | the main reason why Congress creates committees |
| 35 yrs old, native born, and lived in States for 14 years | qualifications for Presidency |
| strong office of the President | People's demands for strength, influence of strong leaders in the position from the past, and need for decisive action during emergencies as led to this |
| select committees | panels or groups that are set up for special purposes and for a limited time |
| 25th Amendment | amendment that allows for the Vice President to succeed or take the place of the President in case of the President's death or removal from office |
| 10 years | a President can serve no more than __ total years |
| Article II | Presidential powers are given through this Constitutional article |
| Chief of State | when the President acts as the ceremonial head of the government, he is playing the role of __ |
| Congress | ___ limits the President's powers as Commander in Chief |
| original jurisdiction | the court that first hears a case has this kind of jurisdiction |
| judicial review | that ability of the Supreme Court to review a decision and judge its constitutionality |
| Marbury v. Madison | the court case that established judicial review |
| the highest court | the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court as |
| main responsibility of the Supreme Court | to decide cases that question the Constitution's interpretation |
| President | who nominates a Supreme Court justice? |
| Congress | who approves a Supreme Court justice? |
| lifetime | length of a Supreme Court justice's term |
| no official qualifications | what are the qualifications for a S.C. justice? |
| Article III | this article of the Constitution provides for the structure and function of the Supreme Court and Judicial Branch |
| legislative branch | over which branch of government does the judicial branch have the ability to check its power by declaring laws unconstitutional |
| executive branch | over which branch of government does the Judicial Branch have the ability to check its power by declaring the President's actions unconstitutional |
| appellate | type of jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals |
| majority | in order for the Supreme Court to decide a case, there needs to be a ___ of the Justices to agree |
| 9 | total number of Justices |
| civil liberties | protections against government actions |
| civil rights | positive actions by the government to protect individuals |
| Miranda v. Arizona | case that established that all accused have the right to remain silent |
| de facto segregation | segregation by fact, still exists |
| de jure segregation | segregation by law |
| capital punishment | death penalty |
| people's demand for listing of rights | reason for the inclusion of the Bill of Rights |
| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments in the Constitution |
| democracy could not exist | without freedom of expression, ____ |
| Free Exercise Clause | this allows people to follow beliefs that do not violate social duties or subvert order |
| Clear and Present Danger | in deciding cases involving laws that punish sedition, the Supreme Court uses this test |
| Due Process | government will not deny people any basic or essential liberities |
| writ of habeas corpus | the accused from being unjustly arrested and imprisoned without cause |
| distrust of federal government | reason for State Constitutions and why they are so lengthy |
| Thomas Dale | he settled Henricus |
| General Assembly | Virginia's lower house in the State government |
| Council Manager Form | type of government that Henrico County has |
| townships | in the Midwest, counties are usually divided into subunits called ___, which share the duties of local government |
| education and public safety | two services that are provided for by both Sate and local government |
| county | the major unit of local government in most States, created by the State is called a ____ |
| charter | this sets out the city's basic laws and structure |
| grand jury | determines whether evidence against a person charged with a crime is sufficient to justify a trial |
| bicameral | most State legislatures are ____ |
| referendum | a legislative matter referred to a State's voters for approval or rejection is done so through a process called |
| popular vote | amendments of State Constitutions are ratified by __ |
| statutory law | laws passed by the legislature |
| fundamental law | laws of basic and lasting importance that should be in the Constitution |
| initiative | the process by which voters sign a petition for a proposal |
| civil law | law that relates to human conduct, disputes between private parties, and disputes between private parties and government |
