| A | B |
|---|
| dermatome | each pair of spinal nerves monitor a specific region of the body |
| reflext testing and dermatomes | damage of a spinal nerve will cause loss of sensation to the skin |
| dorsal ramus regions | sensory and motor innervations to skin and muscles of back |
| ventral ramus regions | ventrolateral body surface, body wall, limbs |
| nerve fiber type in ventral root | motor |
| connective tissue layers | dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
| nerve fiber type in dorsal root | sensory |
| enlargements | cervical, lumbar |
| cervical enlargement | gives rise to brachial plexus |
| lumbar enlargement | gives rise to lumbar plexus in the lower thoracic vertebra |
| Myasthenia Gravis | immune attack on ACh receptors |
| Multiple Sclerosis | immune attack on myelinated neurons, autoimmune disease |
| cauda equina | dorsal and ventra roots within spinal column |
| filium terminale | continuation of pia mater of the spinal cord from conus medularis to coccyx |
| horns of spinal cord | posterior, anterior, lateral |
| funiculi of spinal cord | columns: posterior, anterior, lateral |
| gray commissure | contains axons that cross one side to the other before reaching gray matter |
| dorsal root | sensory |
| ventral root | motor |
| two types of tracts in spinal cord | sensory/ascending, motor/descending |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs, dorsal: sensory, ventral: motor |
| corticospinal(pyraminal) tracts | control of muscle movements from cerebrum |
| extra-pyramidial | modify muscle and balance from midbrain and brain stem |
| synaptic vessicles | where neurotransmitters are generally stored |
| calcium's entry | stimulates exocytosis into the presynaptic terminal |
| synaptic cleft | transmitters diffuse across it |
| receptors | are found on the postsynaptic membrane |
| postsynaptic ion channels | are opened when binding of transmitters to receptors occur = EPSP or IPSP |
| AChE | ACh is inactivated by it |
| MAO(monoamine oxidase) or C.O.M.T. | monoamines are inactivated by them |
| reuptake mechanism | neurotransmitters are returned to the nerve terminal after ACh is degraded or released |
| monoamines are "feel good" transmitters | associate with pleasure center of brain by elevating monoamine levels |
| MAO inhibitors | keep monoamines from being broken down |
| nerve organization | epineurium, fascicles, perineurium, endoneurium |
| plexus | a collection or network of nerves |
| cocaine, heroin | pain killing neurotransmitters |
| endorphin neurotransmitters | cocaine, heroin |
| cocainis a stimulant because | inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine |
| MDMA(ecstacy) | promotes serotonin release like instant Prozac |
| Serotonin | CNS neurotransmitter/associated with attention & emotions |
| meningitis | inflamation of meninges |
| symptoms of meningitis | fever, headache, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, convulsions |
| cerebrospinal fluid | ultrafiltrate of plasma, produced in choroid plexus |
| white matter | myelinated axons |
| gray matter | nerve cell bodies in nuclei, glial cells, nonmyelinated axons |
| fissure | deep groove |
| sulcus | shallow furrow |
| split brain | sepration of optic chiasma and corpus callosum |
| lateralization | motor and verbal skills in separate sections of the brain |
| precentral gyrus | found in frontal lobe for motor representation |
| postcentral gyrus | found in parietal lobe for sensory representation |
| Broca's area | speech-motor |
| Wernicke's area | junction of occipital, temporal , parietal -- recognition of spoken word |
| Phineus Gage | social brain localized to the frontal lobe |
| occipital lobe | visual perception |
| temporal lobe | perception of auditory and olfactory, memory, vestibular senses |
| limbic system | regulation of emotions |
| hippocampus and medial temporal lobe | converting short term to long term memory |
| 3 tracts of cerebrum | association, commissures, projections |
| thalmus | relay center for sensory and motor pathways |
| hypothalmus | integrates autonomic nervous system |
| superior colliculi | visual reflexes |
| inferior colliculi | auditory reflexes |
| cerebellum | posture adjustment |
| arbor vitae | tree of life |
| parts of the brain stem | medulla, pons, midbrain |
| reticular system | arousal, sensory, awareness found in projections of reticular formation |
| alzheimer's disease | accumulation of amyloid protein and plaque |
| three forms of epilepsy | petit mal, grand mal, psychomotor |
| cerebral palsy | from prenatal/postnatal causes which is a motor disorder |
| oculomotor | dialation of pupil |
| trochlear | superior oblique muscle |
| trigeminal | opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular |
| abducens | sensory and motor to rectus |
| facial | sensory and motor |
| vestibuloccochlear | sensory of semicircular canals and cochlea |
| glossopharyngeal | motor muscles: swallowing, taste |
| vagus | motor and sensory to viscera |
| accessory | sensory and motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid |
| hypoglossal | sensory and motor to tongue |
| cranial nerves for the eyes | optic, occulomotor, trochlear |
| nerves for the tongue | mandibular, facial, glossophayngeal, hypoglossal |
| intrafusal | muscle spindle fibers |
| extrafusal | contractile muscle fibers |
| Babinski's sign | spine nerve/cord damage = abnormal reflexes |
| neuritis | inflamation lesion of nerve |
| Bell's palsy | temporary cranial nerve disorder |
| shingles | adult dormant chicken pox = inflamation of dorsal root ganglion |
| polio | virus destroys motor neuron cell bodies in spinal cord |
| dura mater | periosteal, meningeal |
| arachnoid | space for blood vessels |
| pia mater | directly on neurons |
| inhibit AChE | nerve gasses and insecticides |
| Woody Guthrie's disease | Huntington's Chorea |
| Huntinton's Chorea | mutant proteins in brain clump to destroy neurons and decrease neurotransmitters |
| Lou Gherig's disease | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
| ALS | motor neuron atrophy |
| parkinson's disease | death of dopamine producing cells |
| MSG: drug for tongue | excitatory drug/ 5 glutamate receptors |
| muscle spindles | sensory receptors for stretch reflex |
| golgi tendon organs | sensory receptors for tendon reflex |
| gamma motor efferent | innervate muscle spindles |
| crossed extensor reflex | flex one leg/other leg provides balance by extending |
| withdrawl reflex | stimulus activates flexor and inhibits extensor |
