| A | B |
|---|
| Lewis acid | likes lone pairs |
| Lucas reagent | converts tertiary alcohols to alkyl chlorides |
| Tollens reagent | oxidizes aldehydes |
| Friedel-Craft alkylation | adds alkyl groups to aromatics |
| Friedel-Craft acylation | adds acyl groups to aromatics |
| Jones reagent | same as chromic acid |
| Collins reagent | oxidizes alcohols to aldehydes or ketones |
| Fischer esterification | acid-catalyzed reaction of acids and alcohols |
| Grignard reagent | an organometallic made from Mg |
| Williamson synthesis | makes ethers from alkoxides |
| wavenumber | inverse wavelength |
| fingerprint region | IR region below about 1500 wavenumbers |
| triple-bond region | IR region at 2300-2100 wavenumbers |
| double-bond region | IR region at 1800-1600 wavenumbers |
| X-H region | IR region at 2850-3500 wavenumbers |
| downfield | to higher chemical shift values |
| upfield | to lower chemical shift values |
| shielding | causing a shift to higher fields |
| deshielding | causing a shift to lower fields |
| multiplicity | the splitting of a signal |
| Pascal's triangle | tool to predict peak heights for split signals |
| coupling constant | amount of signal splitting in Hz |
| accidental overlap | when two or more signals have very close chemical shifts |
| broad band decoupling | makes all carbon signals singlets |
| off-resonance decoupling | leaves carbon signals as multiplets |
| peroxyacid | RCOOOH |
| halohydrin | a 2-haloalcohol |
| Huckel's rule | 4n+2 electrons in a flat, cyclic and contiguous pi system |
| arene | generic name for an aromatic |
| heteroaromatic | aromatic containing elements other than carbon |
| annulene | generic name for an aromatic hydrocarbon ring |
| polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) | contains fused hydrocarbon aromatic rings |
| Clemmensen reduction | uses Zn amalgam in acid |
| activating group | group that adds electron density to an aromatic ring |
| deactivating group | group that removes electron density from an aromatic ring |
| benzylic position | the position on an alkyl chain next to an aromatic ring |
| hemiacetal | functionality with one hydroxyl and one alkoxy group attached to the same carbon |
| hydrazone | condensation product from a hydrazine and a ketone or aldehyde |
| oxime | condensation product from hydroxylamine and a ketone or aldehyde |
| quaternary ammonium ion | an amine derivative with four alkyl or aryl substituents |
| N-alkylation | reaction of an amine with an alkyl halide or tosylate |
| N-acylation | reaction of an amine with an acid chloride |
| fatty acid | long-chain carboxylic acid |
| carboxylation | adding carbon dioxide (to a Grignard) |
| acid anhydride | condensation product from two carboxylic acids |
| lactone | a cyclic ester |
| lactam | a cyclic amide |
| terminal alkyne | a singly-substituted alkyne |
| internal alkyne | shows up weakly in IR |
| hydrolysis | cleavage with water |
| acetylide ion | a deprotonated terminal alkyne |
| acylium ion | reactive entity during Friedel-Craft acylation |
| fuming sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid containing sulfur trioxide |
| solvation | the ability to interact with solutes |
| tosylate | para-toluenesulfonate |
| secondary amide | an amide with one other N-substituent |
| iminium ion | condensation product from a secondary amine with an aldehyde or ketone |
| Lindlar's catalyst | Pd on barium sulfate poisoned with quinoline |
| Fischer projection | a way to draw molecules to compare and assign stereoisomers |
| Newman projection | a way to draw molecules by looking down a bond axis |
| Hammond Postulate | the structure of a transition state resembles that of the closest stable structure |
| meso | achiral though it contains chiral centres |
| boat form | an unstable conformation in cyclohexanes |
| chair form | a stable conformation in cyclohexanes |
| enantiomers | paired isomers that differ only in handedness |
| diastereomers | stereoisomers that are not enantiomers |
| Saytzeff rule | most substituted alkene prefered |
| Markovnikoff addition | via the most stable carbocation intermediate |
| Walden inversion | substitution that inverts the configuration of a chiral carbon |
| vinyl | ethenyl |
| vicinal | one neighbouring carbons |
| geminal | on the same carbon |
| sigma complex | intermediate of electrophilic aromatic substitution |
| pi system | overlapping p orbitals |
| racemic mixture | an equal mix of enantiomers |
| phenol | aromatic alcohol |
| spectra | plural of spectrum |
| cyano group | found in nitriles |
| hydrogenation | adding the elements of hydrogen |
| endothermic | taking up heat |
| exothermic | giving off heat |
| eclipsed conformation | high-energy conformation in ethane fragments |
| staggered conformation | low-energy conformation in ethane fragments |
| diborane | dimer of borane |
| dextrorotatory | turning the plane of polarized light to the right |
| levorotatory | turning the plane of polarized light to the left |
| chloronium ion | intermediate in addition to chlorine to alkenes |
| Cahn-Ingold-Prelog convention | set of rules for assigning absolute configuration |
| aryl | generic name for an aromatic substituent |
| tertiary amine | has three substituents |
| primary amide | may give two spikes near 3300 wavenumbers |
| Lindlar's catalyst | gives cis-alkenes from alkynes |
| bromonium ion | intermediate during addition of bromine to alkenes |
| acetal | has 2 alkoxy groups on the same carbon |
| conjugation | alignment of a p orbital with a pi system |
| trans-diaxial | conformation of an E2 transition state |
