| A | B |
|---|
| acidic | capable of donating a proton |
| amino acid | monomeric subunit of proteins |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| antibody | protein made by B-cells - recognizes a specific antigen |
| asexual reproduction | generation of offspring by mitosis and cytokinesis or fragmentation |
| atom | proton + neutron nucleus surrounded by electron cloud |
| atomic mass | number of protons + number of neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| basic | capable of accepting protons |
| binary fission | reproduction by mitosis and cytokinesis |
| biochemistry | study of chemical processes and molecules in living organisms |
| carbohydrate | simple sugars and polysaccharides |
| cation | positive ion |
| cell nucleus | membranous organelle that houses genomic DNA |
| chemical bond | physical association between two atoms or molecules |
| chromosome | genomic DNA packaged with proteins |
| compound | substance composed of two or more different types of atoms bonded together |
| concentration | measure of number of atoms/molecules of a substance per unit volume |
| covalent bond | physical association between two atoms where electrons are shared |
| decomposition reaction | chemical process resulting in the permanent breakage of chemical bonds |
| dehydration synthesis | polymerization of monomers by net removal of water across a chemical bond |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | double stranded polymer of nucleotides, antiparallel strands are complementary |
| disaccharide | two simple sugars bonded together with a glycosidic linkage |
| dissolved | dispersal of substances homogenously in a liquid |
| electrolytes | charged atoms/molecules |
| electron | negatively charged component of atom with very little mass |
| element | atoms having the same number of protons |
| enzyme | biological catalyst |
| eukaryote | organism with many membranous cytoplamic organelles and genomic DNA in nucleus |
| exchange reactions | chemical groups transferred from one molecule to another |
| functional group | chemical group characteristic of a particular class of molecules |
| genome | organismal heritable material |
| glycosidic bond | characteristic linkage of polysaccharides |
| hydrated | surrounded by sphere of water |
| hydrogen bond | weak association between hydrogen of one polar group and electronegative atom of another |
| hydrolysis | breakage of chemical bonds by net addition of water across bond |
| hydrophilic | associates with water freely |
| hydrophobic | nonpolar, does not associate with water freely |
| inorganic compound | molecules do not contain multiple carbon atoms |
| ionic bond | chemical bond formed when an electronegative atom totally removes electrons from another atom |
| ionization | generation of charged atoms/molecules |
| ion | charged atom/molecule |
| isotopes | atoms that have same atomic number, different atomic mass |
| lipid | biological molecule that dissolves in organic solvents, but not water |
| matter | materials that occupy space and have mass |
| macromolecule | large biological polymers |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in an organism or cell |
| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together |
| monomer | characteristic subunit bonded together to make polymer |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar |
| neutron | particle in atomic nucleus with no charge and mass of 1 |
| nonpolar | substance with no separation of charge |
| nonpolar covalent bond | bond formed when atoms share electrons equally |
| nucleotide | characteristic subunit of nucleic acids |
| nucleus | center of mass in atom, contains protons and neutrons |
| orbital | probability cloud for electron location in an atom |
| organelle | compartment of function in a cell |
| organic compound | molecule containing multiple carbons (often O, H, N, P, S also) |
| oxidation | removal of electrons from a compound |
| peptide bond | characteristic linkage between amino acids in a protein |
| pH | - log [H+] |
| phospholipids | glycerol backbone with two esterified fatty acids and a phosphoric acid at the third position |
| polar | substance in which there is a separation of charge |
| polar covalent bond | bond in which electrons are share unequally |
| polymer | chain of characteristic subunits linked together by characteristic linkages |
| polymerization | process of linking monomers together |
| polypeptide | chains of four or more amino acids |
| primary structure | amino acid sequence of proteins |
| product | molecule(s) generated by a chemical reaction |
| prokaryote | organism lacking internal membranous organelles, DNA in cytoplasm |
| protein | polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| proton | positively charged component of atoms with mass of 1 |
| quaternary structure | orientation in space of all of the subunits of a multisubunit protein |
| reactant | substance present at the start of a chemical reaction |
| redox reaction | process involving electron/proton transfers |
| reduction | gain of electrons by an atom/molecule |
| replication | generation of faithful copies of a nucleic acid molecule |
| reversible reaction | reaction where substance A is converted to substance B and vice-versa |
| salt | ionic compound |
| secondary structure | orientation in space of the atoms of the peptide backbone |
| sexual reproduction | generation of offspring by fusion of haploid cells of opposite mating types |
| shell | layer surrounding atomic nucleus occupied by electrons in a specific energy range |
| solute | material suspended homogenously in dissolving medium |
| solvent | material in which substances are suspended homogenously to form solution |
| solution | homogenous suspension of one or more substance in a dissolving medium |
| tertiary structure | orientation in space of all of the atoms in a polypeptide chain |
| valence | number of electrons in outer shell of an atom |
