| A | B |
|---|
| Acromegaly is caused by an increase in what? | Growth hormone |
| What is the maximum limit for the sella turcica size | 16X12 on a skull radiograph |
| What disease my lead to enlarged frontal sinues and protruding mandible | acromegaly |
| where can excess cortisol come from in patients with cushing's disease | Excess ACTH by pituitary, adreanl cortex adenoma, ectopic secretion |
| What types of patients are likely taking high levels of corticosteroids | transplant patients, autoimmune disease, asthma |
| Cushing's looks indistinguishable from osteoporosis except for the prescence of what due to repetitive fractures with poor healing | Excessive callus formation due to repetitive fractures with poor healing |
| What does parathyroid horomone attempt to do to blood calcium level | increase calcium levels |
| Where does teh body take calcium from to alter blood levels | Bone, kidneys |
| Characteristics of hyperparathyroidism in the spine | osteosclerosis, rugger jersey spine, salt n pepper skull, widened SI joint |
| Osteoporosis is a decrease in what | decrease in trabeculation or density |
| What happens to thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in osteoporotic patients | Old vs. new, neurological compromise, secondary cause |
| Retropulsion of fragments causes what? | neurological compromise |
| what are some aggressive processes that can cause pathological compression fractures | CA, Mets, infection, Vascular compromise, Multiple myeloma |
| Osteomalacia and ricketts is a deficiency in what? | Vitamin D |
| Vitamin C is necessary for what? | Collagen formation |
| Lack of Vitamin D on radiographs shows up as what? | Osteopenia, course trabeculation, bowing deformity, pseudofractures, protusio acetabuli, basilar invagination, insufficient functioning |
| characteristics of Ricketts | hyperlucent metphysic, widened physis, indistinct metaphyseal borders, pseudofractures, bowing deformities |
| Scurvy is a deficiency of what | Vitamin C |
| What is a fracture | area of increased lucency |
| What is a pseudofracture | line of increased or decreased density in an area unlikely to fracture due to compressive force, is a collection of unmineralized osteoid |
| Vitamin D is required for proper What? | bone metabolism |
| Vitamin D comes from where? | Sunlight, diet to liver to kidney 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
| Main features of Ricketts? | ricketic rosary, bowing deformities, osteopenia, pseudofracture, widened physis, hyperlulcent metaphysic |
| Features of Scurvy | pelkin's spurs, frankels line, trummerfield radiopaque layer, wimburger line |
| Where does osteonecrosis occur | areas of poor circulation injured |
| Where do bone infarcts occur | metaphysis and diaphysis |
| Where does AVN occur | epiphysis |
| features of AVN in femoral head | Osteopenia, fissures, sclerosis, heals with DJD/deformity, snowcap sign, crescent rim sign, mushroom deformity, hanging rope sign |
| Clinical features of patient with osteochondritis dissecans | trauma, repetitive ankle sprain, pain, small subchondral defect, may be free floating fragment, small focal infarct of subchondral bone |
| MRI findings of AVN of the hip | loss of signal in marrow cavity, joint effusion |
| sickle cell differentiation from thalassemia | in african americans, pain syndrome of sickle cell |
| Thalassemia differentiation from sickle cells | mediteranean descent, rodent facies |
| what is renal osteodystrophy | bone disorder occurring when the kidney fails to maintain proper levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, renal compromise affecting calcium and phosphate reabsorption |
| CT characteristics | Ionizing, better for soft tissue |
| MRI characteristics | NON-ionizing, better for osseous evaluation |
| Osteopetrosis characteristics | radiodense bone, erlenmeyer flask deformity |
| Ostegenesis imperfecta characteristics | more ostepenia, bowing of legs, thin cortices, and kyphoscoliosis |
| AVN of metatarsal head and DJD characteristics | AVN- mri with fluid difference, DJD- stiffness with osteophyte on heads |
| differential for osteopenia | osteoporosis, sickle cell anemai, hemophilia, leukemia |
| Osteosclerosis differential | pagets, leadpoisoning, ricketts, osteopetrosis, |
| differential for hook osteophytes | acromegaly, hemochromatosis |
| Differential for periosteal reactions | scurvy, hyperparathyroidism |
| differential for subperiosteal resorption | HPT |
| differential for acto-osteolysis | HPT, cleidocranial dysplasia, polyvinyl cl. reiters |
| differential for sacroilitis | trauma, pregnancy, osteomyelitis, osteitis condenses ili |
| differential for undertubulation of bone | sickle cell anemia, gaucher's disease, craniometaphyseal dysplasia |
| differential for multiple compression fractures | multiple myeloma, osteoporosis, osteopenia |
