| A | B |
|---|
| Primary location of gluconeogenesis | Cytosol |
| Pyruvate to malate conversion occurs in the | Mitochondria |
| Malate crosses the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol | where it is converted back to |
| Oxaloacetate -> PEP by | PEP carboxykinase |
| Gluconeogenesis is stimulated | by Glucagon and cortisol |
| Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by | Insulin |
| Primary precursors for gluconeogenesis | Glycerol |
| Generated during the breakdown of triglycerides in the adipose tissue | Glycerol |
| Glycerol travels to the | Liver |
| Glycerol is converted into | Glucose or enters the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis) |
| Derived from muscle during anaerobic conditions | Lactate |
| Lactate travels to the liver where it is converted back into | Pyruvate and eventually glucose |
| Can be converted to either pyruvate or a TCA cycle intermediate or glucose | Amino acids |
| Undergo transamination reactions to be converted to their gluconeogenic precursor | Alanine |
| Require the co-enzyme pyridoxal phosphate that is derived from pyridoxine (B6) | Transamination reactions |
| Alanine -> | Pyruvate (glucose-ananine cycle) |
| Aspartate -> | Oxaloacetate (aspartate transaminase AST) |
| Glutamate -> | Alpha-ketoglutarate (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase GOT) |
| Gluconeogenic enzymes | Pyruvate carboxylase |
| Biotin is the coenzyme in | Pyruvate carboxylase |
| Pyruvate carboxylase reaction occurs in the | Mitochondria |
| Bypasses PFK in glycohysis | Fructose-1 |
| Allows the liver to generate free glucose from glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis | Glucose-6-phosphatase |
| Glucose-6-phosphatase | Bypasses glucokinase in glycoysis |
| Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase are needed to | Bypass pyruvate kinase in glycolysis |
