| A | B |
|---|
| History | Study of the past through written documents (writing) |
| Archeology | Study of past societies through artifacts |
| Anthropology | Study of how people lived their lives using artifacts |
| Artifacts | Items that are uncovered through excavation |
| Excavation | Organized dig to uncover artifacts |
| Radiocarbon | Measures amount of C14 in remains |
| Thermoluminescence | Measures light given off by electrons trapped in the soil |
| DNA | Measures the age of genetic materials |
| Hominids | Earliest humanlike creatures; simple tools (stone) |
| Homo-erectus | Upright human being; 1st to utilize fire |
| Homo-sapiens | Wise human being; advanced tools; Neanderthals |
| Homo-sapiens-sapiens | Wise, wise human beings; advanced tools & communications; Cromagnon |
| Nomadic | Migratory; follow the food |
| Paleolithic Age | Old Stone; 2.5 million-10000 BCE; Last Ice Age occured |
| Mesolithic Age | Middle Stone; 10000-7000 BCE; Settlements & Early Agriculture |
| Neolithic Age | New Stone; 7000- 4000 BCE; Firm settlemets & advanced tools; introduction of metals (copper) |
| Bronze Age | c.4-3000-1200 BCE; Copper & Tin; very expensive-stone still preferred |
| Civilization | Large numbers of people that share common characteristics |
| 6 charactistics of civilization | Cities, government, religion,social structure, writing, art |
| Mesopotamia | Fertile Crescent; Palestine to Persian Gulf; Tigris & Euphrates Rivers |
| Sumerians | 1st civilization; City-states; invented wheel, dome, arch & ziggurat |
| City-state | City expands to take political and economic control of surrounding areas; often not united & fought each other |
| Theocracy | Government by divine authority |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Cuneiform | Writing style; wedge shaped |
| Epic of Gilgamesh | 1st book; flood story |
| Sargon I | King of Akkad; 1st person in recorded history |
| Hammurabi | King of Babylon; codified 1st legal system |
| Egypt | Gift of the Nile |
| Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt | c.3100 BCE King Menes/Pharaoh Narmer |
| Dynasty | Rule passed down family line |
| Old Kingdom | 2700-2200 BCE; Buildings-temples & tombs |
| Middle Kingdom | c.2050-1652 BCE; Golden Age; Public works, peace & prosperity |
| New Kingdom | 1567-1085 BCE; Empire expansion; Reigns of Hatshepsut, Akenaten & Tutenkamun |
| Hieroglyphics | Drawings that represent words, letters, or numbers |
| Hieratic | Script writing; less formal |
| Minoan Crete | c.2000-1450 BCE; Massive trade empire with capital @ Knossus |
| Hittites | c. 1750-1200 BCE; Nomads who settled in Turkey; used iron tools |
| Phoenicians | Set up colonies; derived modern alphabet from |
| Hebrews | Located in Palestine; religion was key in society; monotheism |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god |
| Reincarnation | Re-birth; soul moves on |
| Karma | Life force that a person has |
| Dharma | Natural law that affects ones Karma (positively or negatively) |
| Yoga | Stretching and exercises; calms self |
| Ascetics | Giving up all worldly possessions; elimination of all excess |
| Harappan | c.3000-1400 BCE; Native peoples of India |
| Aryans | Indo-European invaders from North c.1400 |
| Caste System | Racial and cultural system in India; established by Aryans |
| Brahma | Highest caste level; priests |
| Kshatrias | Warrior Class |
| Vaysias | Merchant Class |
| Sudras | Largest class; Harappans |
| Untouchables | Lowest class; considered less than human |
| Xia Dynasty | c.2000-1500 BCE; first unofficial dynasty |
| Shang Dynasty | c.1750-1122 BCE; first official dynasty |
| Veneration of Ancestors | Ancestor worship |
| Zhou Dynasty | 1122-256 BCE; longest lived dynasty |
| Mandate of Heaven | Zhou king had power over all things in nature |
| Filial Piety | Children care for elderly parents/relatives |
| Confucius | 1st teacher; focused on human behavior |
| Tao | The Way |
| Duty | Put aside personal needs and focus on family |
| Humanity | Compassion and empathy for others |
| Taoism | Rival of Confucianism; let nature take its course |
| Legalism | Humans were evil by nature; harsh punishments were needed |
| Qin Dynasty | 221-206 BCE; 1st unified China; Legalistic |
| Censorate | Governmental internal affairs |
| Qin ShiHuangdi | 1st Chinese emperor |
| Han Dynasty | 202 BCE-221 CE; removed legalism |
| Civil Service Exam | Used Confucianism to train future governmental employees |
| Sui Dynasty | 581-618 CE |
| Tang Dynasty | 618-907 CE; one of the greatest; massive expansion and prosperity/arts flourished |
| Song Dynasty | 960-1269 CE; weak dynasty; collapsed to Mongol invaders from the North |
