| A | B |
|---|
| Age of Faith | A new age of religious faith that began in the 1000's |
| Romanesque | Style of medieval architecture with round arches, thick wall, and tiny windows |
| Crusade | Papal term for holy war |
| Cluny | Location of Benedictine monastery that began the reform movement in 910 |
| Curia | Pope's group of advisors who developed canon law |
| Simony | Buying and selling of church offices |
| Cistercians | Reform movement founded in 1098 that stressed a life of hardship |
| Friars | Clery who traveled throughout Europe preaching to the poor |
| Gothic | Style of architecture characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows |
| Urban II | Pope who issued the call to the First Crusade |
| St. Francis of Assisi | Founder of the Franciscans |
| Inquisition | Tool used by Ferdinand and Isabella to suppress heresy |
| Heretic | According to the RCC any person whose beliefs differed from the RCC |
| Guild | An association of people who work at the same occupation |
| Burghers | German term for town dwellers |
| Burgesses | English term for town dwellers |
| Bourgeoisie | French term for town dwellers |
| Thomas Aquinas | Author of Summa Theologica |
| Christine de Pizan | Author of The City of Ladies |
| Scholastics | Schoolmen or students |
| Avicenna | Author of The Cure |
| Three Field System | System in which 2/3's of the land was planted each year |
| University | New institution was made up of scholastics meeting wherever they could |
| Dante Aligheri | Author of The Divine Comedy |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | Author of The Canterbury Tales |
| Vernacular | Speaking or writing in the everyday language of one's homeland |
| Usury | Practice of loaning money for profit |
| Averroes | Scholar who reside in Cordoba and who achieved fame for his commentaries on Aristotle |
| Ghettos | Segregated parts of towns where Jews lived |
| Magna Carta | Most celebrated document in English history |
| Hugh Capet | An undistinguished duke from Paris who succeeded Louis the Sluggard |
| Parliament | English legislative group |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who conquered England in 1066 |
| Henry II | English king who strengthened the royal courts |
| Battle of Hastings | Famous battle on October 14, 1066 |
| Philip II | French king who took Normandy and eventually tripled the lands under the king's control |
| Edward I | English king who invited burgesses and knights to participate in the Great Council |
| Philip IV | French king who added commoners to the Estates General |
| Estates General | French legislative group |
| Clergy | First Estate |
| Nobility | Second Estate |
| Commoners | Third Estate |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | Queen of France and then Queen of England |
| Louis IX | French king who created the Parlement of Paris |
| Bailiffs | French royal officials who presided over the king's courts and collected taxes |
| Parlement of Paris | Leading royal court of France |
| John Hus (Huss) | Bohemian professor who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher thatn that of the pope |
| Hundred Years' War | War between England and France that was fought over a 116 year period |
| Joan of Arc | Young French girl who led France to victory and was later burned at the stake |
| Black or Bubonic Plague | Deadly disease that killed approximately 1/3 of Europe's population in the 14th century |
| Bull | An official document issued by the pope |
| John Wyclif (Wycliffe) | English professor who preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church |
| Great Schism | Split in the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in multiple popes |
| Boniface VIII | Pope who came into conflict with Philip IV of France in 1300 |
| Longbow | Weapon that led the English to victory at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt |
| Avignon | Home of the pope during the Babylonian Captivity |
| Babylonian Captivity of the RCC | Period in which the pope resided in Avignon and were under the control of the French king |
| Waldensians | Heretic group that suggest every man & women was a priest and pope was not needed |
| Albigensians | Heretic group that preached the duality of the spirit |
| Premonstratensians | New order of monks that combined the role of the contemplative monk with the role of the parish priest |
