| A | B |
|---|
| organic | contains carbon |
| hydrocarbon | contains C and H only |
| single bond | C-C or C-H |
| double bond | C=C or C=O |
| functional group | additions to carbon chains |
| hydroxyl | -OH |
| carbonyl | C=O |
| aldehyde/type of carbonyl | C=O at end |
| ketone/type of carbonyl | C=O in chain |
| amino | -NH2; acts like a base |
| sulfhydryl | -SH |
| carboxyl | -COOH; acts like an acid |
| phosphate | -OPO3; transfers energy |
| monomer | one subunit of a larger molecule |
| polymer | multiple unit molecule |
| monosaccharide | one sugar unit |
| glucose | most common monosaccharide |
| disaccharide | two sugar units |
| dehydration synthesis/reaction | bonding of monomers; removal of water |
| sucrose | table sugar; fructose and glucose |
| hydrolysis | breaking of monomers; addition of water |
| polysaccharide | multiple sugar units |
| glycogen | made of alpha glucoses; storage carb in mammals |
| cellulose | structural carb in plants; made of beta glucose |
| chitin | carb makes up insect exoskeleton |
| fatty acid | carboxyl group with hydrocarbon chain |
| saturated fatty acid | monomer of fats; all single covalent bonds between C |
| unsaturated fatty acid | monomer of fats; at least one double bond between Cs |
| phospholipid | major component of cell membranes |
| steroid | type of lipid; cholesterol is a type |
| amino acid | building blocks of proteins |
| peptide bond | bond that holds amino acids together |
| polypeptide | chain of amino acids; primary structure |
| disulfide bond | cross link between cysteine amino acids in tertiary structure |
| primary structure | order of amino acids |
| alpha helix | twisting in secondary structure caused by hydrogen bonds |
| secondary structure | alpha helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonds |
| pleated sheet | polypeptide chain lying next to each other connected by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions between side chains of amino acids |
| quaternary structure | aggregate of more than one polypeptide |
| denatured proteins | lose of structure (conformation) |
| nucleic acids | RNA and DNA |
| DNA | double helix; genetic code |
| purines | double ringed bases, A and G |
| adenine | binds with T or U |
| guanine | binds with C |
| pyrimidines | single ring bases; C, U, T |
| cytosine | binds with G |
| thymine | binds with A (in DNA) |
| RNA | A,C,U,G |
| uracil | Binds with A (in RNA) |
| starch | alpha glucose polymer chain; how plants store extra glucose |
| glycerol | one of the monomers of triglycerides |
| triglyceride | 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| phospholipids | major lipid that composes cell membranes |
| hydophilic | water loving; polar and ionic molecules |
| hydrophobic | water fearing; nonpolar molecules |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- |
| glycosidic linkage | covalent bond between monosaccarides |
| ester linkage | covalent bonds between glycerol and fatty acids |
| peptide bonds | covalent bonds between amino acids |
| phosphodiester linkage | bond between phosphate and ribose in DNA and RNA |
| enzymes | important protein; catalyzes reactions |
| triose | 3 carbon sugar; C3H6O3 |
| pentose | 5 carbon sugar; C5H10O5; ribose |
| hexose | 6 carbon sugar; C6H12O6; glucose, fructose, galactose |
