| A | B |
| civilization | a group of people in a complex, organized society |
| fertile | rich, good for growing |
| plain | an area of flat land |
| plateau | a area of high, flat land |
| irrigation | method of watering crops |
| city-state | a city that is an individual unit, complete with its own form of government, villages, and traditions |
| region | an area with common physical features |
| artisan | a craftsperson, such as a potter or a weaver |
| ziggurat | a huge pyramid-shaped structure formed from a series of stacked rectangular platforms |
| society | formed by establishing rules and traditions in an organized community |
| polytheism | the worship of many gods |
| scribe | a professional writer |
| cuneiform | a wedge-shaped writing formed in wet clay |
| conquer | to overtake |
| empire | large territory of many places all under one ruler |
| dynasty | a ruling family |
| conquest | the defeat of another group |
| convenant | an agreement |
| monotheism | the worship of one god |
| slavery | the practice of one person owning another person |
| descendant | a person who is born later to the same family |
| barter | to trade |