| A | B |
|---|
| civilization | A centralized society with developed forms of religion, ways of governing, and learning |
| technology | the skills and knowledge to make products or meet goals |
| ziggurat | a huge mud-brick temple built by the ancient Sumerians |
| government | an organized system that groups use to make laws and decisions |
| city-state | a city and its surrounding farmlands, with its own leaders and government |
| monarchy | the system of government in which a king or queen rules |
| authority | the right to command or influence |
| surplus | an extra supply |
| merchant | a person who buys and sells goods to make a living |
| social class | a group that has a particular amount of importance in a society |
| scribe | a person who writes |
| innovation | a new way of doing things |
| conquer | to take over |
| empire | a conquered land of many people and places governed by one ruler |
| emperor | the ruler of an empire |
| taxation | the practice of requiring people to pay taxes to support a government |
| Code of Hammurabi | the collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow |
| equal justice | fair treatment under the law |
| monotheism | a belief in one God |
| covenant | an agreement |
| Ten Commandments | a set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God |
| Judaism | The religion of the Jewish people |
| Torah | Jewish scriptures; the first five books of the Bible |
| colony | a settlement separated from, but under the control of, a home country |
| cultural diffusion | the spread of ideas from one place others |
| barter | the exchange of one good or service |
| money economy | an economic system based on money rather than on barter |
| cuneiform | a system of writing using wedge-shaped symbols developed by the Sumerians |
| Sargon | first person to rule an empire in Mesopotamia |
| Phoenicians | people who developed a system of writing based on symbols that stood for sounds |
| Mesopotamia | the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian leader who established a code of laws and a tax system to support the government |
| Moses | leader of the Israelites who led them out of Egypt |
| dikes and canals | built by the Sumerians to control flooding |
| Tigris and Euphrates | The two rivers in Mesopotamia |
| division of labor | occurred as a result of a surplus of food |
| Lydians | the first people to use coined money put out by their government |
